Effect of Hydrogen Gas Pressure on the Mechanical Properties of Low Alloy Steel for Hydrogen Pressure Vessels

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoru Wada ◽  
Ryoji Ishigaki ◽  
Yasuhiko Tanaka ◽  
Tadao Iwadate ◽  
Keizo Ohnishi
Keyword(s):  
Crack Growth ◽  
Hydrogen Pressure ◽  
Stable Crack Growth ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Gaseous Hydrogen ◽  
Strength Level ◽  
Crack Growth Behavior ◽  
Test Machine ◽  
Hydrogen Environment

To provide engineering data useful in design, manufacture and operation of hydrogen storage vessels in hydrogen refueling stations, fatigue test machine equipped with high-pressure hydrogen autoclave was introduced. The effect of steel’s strength level, temperature effect, fracture toughness and pressure effect were evaluated in gaseous hydrogen environment. When steel’s strength level exceeds around 930MPa to 1000MPa, the elongation and notch tensile properties deleteriously degraded. The elongation reduction by the effect of hydrogen increased with lowering the temperature. The same sensitivity to temperature on crack growth behavior was observed. However, it was shown that the gaseous hydrogen environment only affect the slow stable crack growth but did not affect the critical flaw growth of the steel at low temperature, i.e. fast fracture. The pressure dependence of notch tensile strength ranging from 0.1MPa to 75MPa hydrogen pressure shows approximately 1/2 power dependence.

scholarly journals Measuring Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Ferritic Steels Near Threshold in High Pressure Hydrogen Gas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Ronevich ◽  
Chris San Marchi ◽  
Kevin A. Nibur ◽  
Paolo Bortot ◽  
Gianluca Bassanini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Fatigue Crack ◽  
Fatigue Crack Growth ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Crack Growth Behavior ◽  
Crack Growth Rates ◽  
Pressure Hydrogen

Abstract Following the ASME codes, the design of pipelines and pressure vessels for transportation or storage of high-pressure hydrogen gas requires measurements of fatigue crack growth rates at design pressure. However, performing tests in high pressure hydrogen gas can be very costly as only a few laboratories have the unique capabilities. Recently, Code Case 2938 was accepted in ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) VIII-3 allowing for design curves to be used in lieu of performing fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN vs. ΔK) and fracture threshold (KIH) testing in hydrogen gas. The design curves were based on data generated at 100 MPa H2 on SA-372 and SA-723 grade steels; however, the data used to generate the design curves are limited to measurements of ΔK values greater than 6 MPa m1/2. The design curves can be extrapolated to lower ΔK (< 6 MPa m1/2), but the threshold stress intensity factor (ΔKth) has not been measured in hydrogen gas. In this work, decreasing ΔK tests were performed at select hydrogen pressures to explore threshold (ΔKth) for ferritic-based structural steels (e.g. pipelines and pressure vessels). The results were compared to decreasing ΔK tests in air, showing that the fatigue crack growth rates in hydrogen gas appear to yield similar or even slightly lower da/dN values compared to the curves in air at low ΔK values when tests were performed at stress ratios of 0.5 and 0.7. Correction for crack closure was implemented, which resulted in better agreement with the design curves and provide an upper bound throughout the entire ΔK range, even as the crack growth rates approach ΔKth. This work gives further evidence of the utility of the design curves described in Code Case 2938 of the ASME BPVC VIII-3 for construction of high pressure hydrogen vessels.

Crack Initiation and Propagation Under Hydrogen-Enhanced Fatigue of a Cr-Mo Steel for Gaseous Hydrogen Storage

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Briottet ◽  
Marielle Escot ◽  
Isabelle Moro ◽  
Gian Marco Tamponi ◽  
Jader Furtado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Crack ◽  
Crack Initiation ◽  
Hydrogen Storage ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Hydrogen Pressure ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Gaseous Hydrogen ◽  
Crack Initiation And Propagation ◽  
High Hydrogen ◽  
Initiation And Propagation

The current international standards and codes dedicated to the design of pressure vessels do not properly ensure fitness for service of such vessel used for gaseous hydrogen storage and subjected to hydrogen enhanced fatigue. Yet, hydrogen can reduce the fatigue life in two ways: by decreasing the crack initiation period and by increasing the fatigue crack growth rate. The European project MATHRYCE aims are to propose an easy to implement vessel design methodology based on lab-scale tests and taking into account hydrogen enhanced fatigue. The study is focused on a low alloy Cr-Mo steel, exhibiting a tempered bainitic and martensitic microstructure, and classically used to store hydrogen gas up to 45 MPa. Due to hydrogen diffusion at room temperature in such steel, tests have to be performed under hydrogen pressure to avoid outgassing. In the present work, experimental procedures have been developed to study both crack initiation and crack growth. The specimens and tests instrumentation have been specifically designed to quantitatively measure in-situ these two stages under high hydrogen pressure. We developed and tested crack gages located close to a small drilled notch. This notch simulates the presence of steel nonmetallic inclusions and other microstructural features that can affect fatigue crack initiation and propagation. The experimental results addressing the effects of the testing conditions, such as stress ratio, frequency and hydrogen pressure will be compared to the local strain and stress fields obtained by Finite Element Method and correlated to the possible hydrogen enhanced fatigue mechanisms involved.

Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Autofrettaged Hydrogen Pressure Vessel Made of Low Alloy Steel

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoru Wada ◽  
Yusuke Yanagisawa
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Fatigue Crack ◽  
Fatigue Crack Growth ◽  
Crack Propagation ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Cylindrical Specimen ◽  
Growth Behavior ◽  
Gaseous Hydrogen ◽  
Crack Growth Behavior ◽  
Low Alloy Steel

Autofrettage is used to known as an effective method to prevent fatigue crack propagation of thick-walled cylinder vessels operating under high pressure. Since low-alloy steel shows an enhanced crack growth rate in high-pressure gaseous hydrogen, this paper aims to validate the effect of autofrettage on crack growth behavior in high-pressure gaseous hydrogen utilizing 4%NiCrMoV steel (SA723 Gr3 Class2). An autofrettaged cylindrical specimen with a 70mm inside diameter and 111mm outside diameter was prepared with an axial EDM (depth of 1mm) notched on the inside surface. The measured residual stress profile coincides well with the calculated results. The fatigue crack growth test was conducted by pressurizing the cylinder and varying the external water pressure. Crack propagation from the EDM notch was observed in the non-autofrettaged cylindrical specimen while no crack propagation was observed when the initial EDM notch size was within the compressive residual stress field. When the initial EDM notch size was increased, the fatigue crack growth showed a narrow, groove-like fracture surface for the autofrettaged specimen. In order to qualitatively analyze those results, fatigue crack growth rates were examined under various load ratios including a negative load ratio using a fracture mechanics specimen. From the information obtained, crack growth analysis of an autofrettaged cylinder in a high-pressure hydrogen environment was successfully demonstrated with a fracture mechanics approach.

Effects of Gaseous Hydrogen on Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Low Carbon Steel

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongsun Lee ◽  
Hide-aki Nishikawa ◽  
Yasuji Oda ◽  
Hiroshi Noguchi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Fatigue Crack ◽  
Fatigue Crack Growth ◽  
Ductile Fracture ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Strain Range ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Crack Growth Behavior ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Nitrogen Gas

In order to investigate the effects of hydrogen on the fatigue crack growth behavior of low carbon steel JIS S10C, bending fatigue tests were carried out using a specimen with a small blind artificial hole in a low pressure pure hydrogen gas atmosphere. The results show that the fatigue crack growth rate in hydrogen gas is higher than that in nitrogen gas, moreover, the degree of acceleration is greater in the high strain range. In fractography, intergranular facets mixed with ductile fracture and quasi-cleavage fracture with brittle striations appear in a hydrogen gas environment, while only ductile fracture mainly appears in nitrogen gas. In the low growth rate range, many intergranular facets are seen on the ductile fracture surface, and in the higher growth rate range, quasi-cleavage facets increase as the growth rate increases. The growth rate of a small crack in nitrogen gas can be expressed by dl/dN ∝ Δεpnl in the wide range of applied total strain range Δεt. The same type equation is also satisfied in hydrogen gas, but in the narrow range roughly from Δεt = 0.25% to Δεt = 0.37%. The fracture surface in this range shows only intergranular facets and a ductile morphology, but no quasi-cleavage fracture. Although the crack growth mechanism in hydrogen is different from that in nitrogen, observation of the mechanism of intergranular facet formation shows a similarity to the mechanism in nitrogen in which the slip-off mechanism of crack growth is valid. The formation of intergranular facets is also closely related to the slip behavior influenced by hydrogen. This means that there exists a high possibility for the application of the small crack growth law inhydrogen to not only S10C, but also to other carbon steels in which the intergranular facet appears.

scholarly journals On the fatigue crack growth behavior of Ti–10V–2Fe–3Al in gaseous hydrogen

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (51) ◽  
pp. 27929-27940
Author(s):  
Zachary D. Harris ◽  
Joseph A. Ronevich ◽  
Vitalie Stavila ◽  
Brian P. Somerday
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Crack ◽  
Fatigue Crack Growth ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Growth Behavior ◽  
Gaseous Hydrogen ◽  
Crack Growth Behavior ◽  
Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior

Hydrogen Assisted Fatigue Crack Growth in a Precipitation-Hardened Martensitic Stainless Steel Under Gaseous Hydrogen

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovambattista Bilotta ◽  
Mandana Arzaghi ◽  
Gilbert Hénaff ◽  
Guillaume Benoit ◽  
Clara Moriconi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Intensity Factor ◽  
Fatigue Crack ◽  
Stress Intensity ◽  
Fatigue Crack Growth ◽  
Intensity Factor ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Martensitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Gaseous Hydrogen ◽  
Crack Growth Behavior ◽  
Loading Frequency

In this study, the effect of gaseous hydrogen on the fatigue crack growth behavior in a precipitation-hardened martensitic stainless steel is investigated. It is known that the degradation in fatigue crack growth behavior derives from a complex interaction between the fatigue damage and the amount of hydrogen enriching the crack tip, which is dependent on the hydrogen pressure, loading frequency, and stress intensity factor amplitude. Therefore, fatigue crack growth tests were performed in a range of 0.09 to 40 MPa under gaseous hydrogen at a frequency of 20 and 0.2 Hz. The fatigue data as well as fracture morphologies obtained so far indicate a sharp increase in crack growth rates in a narrow range of stress intensity factor amplitudes. Also, it is shown that by decreasing the loading frequency to 0.2 Hz at a given pressure of hydrogen the transition occurs at lower values of stress intensity factor amplitudes accompanied by a change in fracture mode. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations of the fracture surfaces are used to support the explanations proposed to account for the observed phenomena.

Fatigue-Life and Leak-Before-Break Assessments of Cr-Mo Steel Pressure Vessels With High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junichiro Yamabe ◽  
Hisatake Itoga ◽  
Tohru Awane ◽  
Hisao Matsunaga ◽  
Shigeru Hamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Upper Bound ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Gaseous Hydrogen ◽  
Fine Microstructure ◽  
Coarse Microstructure ◽  
Leak Before Break

Pressure cycle tests were performed on two types of Cr-Mo steel pressure vessels with inner diameters of 306 mm and 210 mm and notches machined on their inside under hydrogen-gas pressures, varied between 0.6 and 45 MPa at room temperature. One of the Cr-Mo steels had a fine microstructure with tensile strength of 828 MPa, while the other had a coarse microstructure with tensile strength of 947 MPa. Fatigue-crack growth (FCG) and fracture-toughness tests of the Cr-Mo steels were also carried out in gaseous hydrogen. The Cr-Mo steels showed accelerated FCG rates in gaseous hydrogen compared to ambient air with an upper bound corresponding to an approximately 30-times higher FCG rate. Furthermore, in gaseous hydrogen, the fracture toughness of the Cr-Mo steel with coarse microstructure was significantly smaller than that of the steel with fine microstructure. Four pressure vessels were tested; then, all of the pressure vessels failed by leak-before-break (LBB). Based on the fracture-mechanics approach, the LBB failure of one pressure vessel could not be estimated by using the fracture toughness in gaseous hydrogen. The fatigue lives could be estimated by using the upper bound of the accelerated FCG rates in gaseous hydrogen.

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