Investigation of a Shell and Tube Exchanger in Process Gas Heating Service

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Porter ◽  
D. H. Martens
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Tube Sheet ◽  
Sulfur Recovery ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Gas Treatment ◽  
Flexible Tube ◽  
Process Gas ◽  
Large Shell ◽  
Section Viii ◽  
Shell And Tube

The design requirements for a large shell and tube vertical heat exchanger (to be used in a sulfur recovery tail gas treatment unit) included startup, shutdown and upset conditions that would subject the exchanger to significant temperature changes. The exchanger was designed to the requirement of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Section VIII Division 1 [1]. A detailed analysis of the thermal profiles and related stresses was performed to confirm the use of a flexible tube sheet design. The heat exchanger uses high pressure superheated steam on the shell side to heat a low pressure process gas on the tube side. The heat exchanger was sized and thermally rated, using commercially available analysis software. The proposed design was analyzed by Finite Element methods that included both thermal and stress analysis. These evaluations confirmed that a flexible tube sheet design was satisfactory when using specific dimensions.

Solid-particle erosion in the tube end of the tube sheet of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger

2006 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 885-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Habib ◽  
H. M. Badr ◽  
S. A. M. Said ◽  
R. Ben-Mansour ◽  
S. S. Al-Anizi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Solid Particle ◽  
Solid Particle Erosion ◽  
Tube Sheet ◽  
Particle Erosion ◽  
Tube Heat Exchanger ◽  
Shell And Tube

scholarly journals A Sustainable Process to Produce Manganese and Its Alloys through Hydrogen and Aluminothermic Reduction

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Jafar Safarian
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Aluminothermic Reduction ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Gas Treatment ◽  
Mn Oxide ◽  
Process Gas ◽  
Metal Products ◽  
Energy Balances ◽  
Mass And Energy Balances

Hydrogen and aluminum were used to produce manganese, aluminum–manganese (AlMn) and ferromanganese (FeMn) alloys through experimental work, and mass and energy balances. Oxide pellets were made from Mn oxide and CaO powder, followed by pre-reduction by hydrogen. The reduced MnO pellets were then smelted and reduced at elevated temperatures through CaO flux and Al reductant addition, yielding metallic Mn. Changing the amount of the added Al for the aluminothermic reduction, with or without iron addition led to the production of Mn metal, AlMn alloy and FeMn alloy. Mass and energy balances were carried out for three scenarios to produce these metal products with feasible material flows. An integrated process with three main steps is introduced; a pre-reduction unit to pre-reduce Mn ore, a smelting-aluminothermic reduction unit to produce metals from the pre-reduced ore, and a gas treatment unit to do heat recovery and hydrogen looping from the pre-reduction process gas. It is shown that the process is sustainable regarding the valorization of industrial waste and the energy consumptions for Mn and its alloys production via this process are lower than current commercial processes. Ferromanganese production by this process will prevent the emission of about 1.5 t CO2/t metal.

Investigation of a Chronic Leaking Problem of a Heat Exchanger Girth Flange

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gys van Zyl
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Phase Changes ◽  
Thermal Gradients ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Tube Sheet ◽  
Tube Heat Exchanger ◽  
Standard Design ◽  
Shell And Tube

A shell-and-tube heat exchanger experiences frequent leaks from the gasket between the shell girth flange and tube sheet. The leaks manifest during start-up of the equipment and have traditionally been arrested by assembly retorque. An investigation was launched to understand the cause of recurring leaks and propose measures to eliminate the problem. A standard design review using the ASME BPVC [1] rules for bolted flanges found no concern with the design of the flanges. More detailed numerical simulation studies were performed that considered thermal conditions in addition to mechanical loads (pressure and bolt loads). The heat exchanger operation involves phase changes in the media on both the shell and tube sides (boiling/condensing) — as a result, the flanges experience rather severe thermal gradients during regular operation. These thermal gradients cause distortion of the tube sheet and girth flange and result in relaxation of the gasket compression in specific areas. This paper will provide a detailed discussion about the numerical simulation studies that were performed on the girth flange joint, as well as the modifications that were proposed to alleviate the problem.

Control and treatment of sulfur compounds specially sulfur oxides (SOx) emissions from the petroleum industry: A review

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Removal ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Sulfur Compounds ◽  
Flue Gas Desulfurization ◽  
Sulfur Oxides ◽  
Sulfur Recovery ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Gas Treatment ◽  
Treatment Techniques

Sulfur compounds such as sulfur oxides (SOx) are generated and emitted from operations in the petroleum industry which have negative effects on the environment. This study gives a critical and detailed introduction to the control and treatment of sulfur compounds specially sulfur oxides (SOx) emissions from the petroleum industry. It begins with the sectors, main sources, and type of operations that generate SOx emissions; maximum effluent level of them from the petroleum industry; minimization, control, prevention and treatment techniques of these emissions from the petroleum industry. Among these techniques, sulfur recovery unit (SRU) which most often consists of a Claus process for bulk sulfur removal and subsequently a tail gas treatment unit (TGTU) for the remaining H2S removal (SCOT process, Beavon sulfur removal (BSR) process, and Wellman-Lord process) and flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) processes (once-through or regenerable) have been discussed in detail; and removal efficiencies and technical and economic aspects have been compared.

Preliminary Environmental Assessment for the Site Selection for the UTGCA (Gas Treatment Unit for Caraguatatuba - SP)

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Bernardes Secron ◽  
Shanty Navarro Hurtado ◽  
Daniella dos Santos Medeiros ◽  
Wilson Jose´ de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Environmental Impact Assessment ◽  
Environmental Assessment ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Gas Treatment ◽  
Process Gas ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Assessment Engineering

The Preliminary Environmental Assessment (PEA) at Petrobras consists, in general terms, of an internal technical process, prior to environmental permitting, to verify the environmental feasibility of a project and identify the main environmental issues. It will also add to the future Environmental Impact Assessment Study (EIA). The technical guidelines for the PEA are prepared by the multidisciplinary team at the Petrobras Environmental Assessment Engineering Group (EAMB) of ENGENHARIA/IETEG/ETEG and are based on the characteristics of the project. The PEA is one of the elements of the environmental impact assessment, providing an initial assessment of the environmental aspects of the project (Screening). It also supports the assessment and determination of route and location alternatives of pipelines and industrial plants. The UTGCA (Caraguatatuba Gas Treatment Unit) will process gas and condensate from the Mexilha˜o Field, on Santos Basin – SP. This paper presents the procedures and conclusions of the PEA prepared for the UTGCA project by PETROBRAS/ENGENHARIA/IETEG/ETEG/EAMB.

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