The Processing Speed of Visual and Verbal Movement Information by Adults with and Without Down Syndrome

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy N. Welsh ◽  
Digby Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Visual Cue ◽  
Aiming Movements ◽  
Rapid Aiming Movements ◽  
Visual Conditions

Previous research has indicated that individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have difficulties processing auditory movement information relative to their peers with undifferentiated developmental disabilities. The present study was conducted to assess whether a model of atypical cerebral specialization could explain these findings. Thirteen adults with Down syndrome (8 men, 5 women), 14 adults with undifferentiated developmental disabilities (7 men, 7 women), and 14 adults without disabilities (8 men, 6 women) performed rapid aiming movements to targets under three conditions: a visual cue at the target location, a visual cue remote from the target location, or a verbal cue. Results revealed that, while the reaction times did not differ between the two groups with disabilities across conditions, the participants with DS, unlike their peers, had significantly longer movement times in the verbal than in two visual conditions. These results are consistent with the model of biological dissociation.

scholarly journals Uncertainty in aiming movements and its association to hand function

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávia Priscila de Paiva Silva ◽  
Sandra Maria Sbeghen Ferreira de Freitas ◽  
Emelli da Silva Comenalle ◽  
Sandra Regina Alouche
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Hand Function ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Manual Dexterity ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Pinch Strength ◽  
Aiming Movements ◽  
Manual Tasks ◽  
The Right

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of the uncertainty of target location on the planning and execution of aiming movements performed towards the ipsilateral and contralateral directions by the right and left upper limbs. In addition, the association between the performance of aiming movements and the performance of functional manual tasks was investigated. Two tasks were proposed: with prior knowledge of the movement direction (simple reaction time) or not (choice reaction time). The grip strength and manual dexterity were measured. The choice option in response (i.e. uncertainty) influenced planning of the aiming movements, but not its execution, while movements performed towards the contralateral direction were worse in execution as compared to the ipsilateral direction. Manual dexterity was significantly correlated with reaction times, while the performance during movement execution was significantly correlated with handgrip/pinch strength.

Manual and Attentional Asymmetries in Goal-Directed Movements in Adults with Down Syndrome

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandani Kulatunga-Moruzi ◽  
Digby Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Aiming Movements ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Small Targets ◽  
The Right ◽  
Rapid Aiming Movements ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Right And Left Hands

The present study was designed to investigate attentional processes and performance asymmetries in goal-directed aiming in individuals with Down syndrome (DS; n = 6 in each group). Using the right and left hands, young adults with and without DS completed rapid aiming movements to small targets in ipsilateral and contralateral space. On some trials, a visual distractor was present. As attention and action were assumed to be coupled, the impact of distractors on reaction time (RT) and movement kinematics was examined. The performance of individuals with DS was quantitatively and qualitatively different from nonaffected participants, suggesting that participants in the two groups used different strategies to complete the task. Individuals with DS exhibited movement time (MT) interference when a distractor was present. This finding is consistent with an action-centered framework of attention.

On-Line versus Off-Line Control of Rapid Aiming Movements

1993 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Blouin ◽  
C. Bard ◽  
N. Teasdale ◽  
M. Fleury
Keyword(s):  
Aiming Movements ◽  
On Line ◽  
Rapid Aiming Movements

Programming strategies for rapid aiming movements under simple and choice reaction time conditions

2006 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 524-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Khan ◽  
Gavin P. Lawrence ◽  
Eric Buckolz ◽  
Ian M. Franks
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Aiming Movements ◽  
Rapid Aiming Movements

Differential Involvement of Neurons in the Dorsal and Ventral Premotor Cortex During Processing of Visual Signals for Action Planning

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 3596-3616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiji Hoshi ◽  
Jun Tanji
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Visual Cue ◽  
Ventral Premotor Cortex ◽  
Neuron Response

We examined neuronal activity in the dorsal and ventral premotor cortex (PMd and PMv, respectively) to explore the role of each motor area in processing visual signals for action planning. We recorded neuronal activity while monkeys performed a behavioral task during which two visual instruction cues were given successively with an intervening delay. One cue instructed the location of the target to be reached, and the other indicated which arm was to be used. We found that the properties of neuronal activity in the PMd and PMv differed in many respects. After the first cue was given, PMv neuron response mostly reflected the spatial position of the visual cue. In contrast, PMd neuron response also reflected what the visual cue instructed, such as which arm to be used or which target to be reached. After the second cue was given, PMv neurons initially responded to the cue's visuospatial features and later reflected what the two visual cues instructed, progressively increasing information about the target location. In contrast, the activity of the majority of PMd neurons responded to the second cue with activity reflecting a combination of information supplied by the first and second cues. Such activity, already reflecting a forthcoming action, appeared with short latencies (<400 ms) and persisted throughout the delay period. In addition, both the PMv and PMd showed bilateral representation on visuospatial information and motor-target or effector information. These results further elucidate the functional specialization of the PMd and PMv during the processing of visual information for action planning.

scholarly journals Effects of age on inhibitory control are affected by task-specific features

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1219-1233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela de Bruin ◽  
Sergio Della Sala
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Simon Task ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Age Effects ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Younger Adults

Older adults have been argued to have impoverished inhibitory control compared to younger adults. However, these effects of age may depend on processing speed and their manifestation may furthermore depend on the type of inhibitory control task that is used. We present two experiments that examine age effects on inhibition across three tasks: a Simon arrow, static flanker and motion flanker task. The results showed overall slower reaction times (RTs) for older adults on all three tasks. However, effects of age on inhibition costs were only found for the Simon task, but not for the two flanker tasks. The motion flanker task furthermore showed an effect of baseline processing speed on the relation between age and inhibition costs. Older adults with slower baseline responses showed smaller inhibition costs, suggesting they were affected less by the flanker items than faster older adults. These findings suggest that effects of age on inhibition are task dependent and can be modulated by task-specific features such as the type of interference, type of stimuli and processing speed.

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