Variability of Measurements of Sweat Sodium Using the Regional Absorbent-Patch Method

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 832-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine E. Dziedzic ◽  
Megan L. Ross ◽  
Gary J. Slater ◽  
Louise M. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Single Measure ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sweat Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sweat Sodium

Context:There is interest in including recommendations for the replacement of the sodium lost in sweat in individualized hydration plans for athletes.Purpose:Although the regional absorbent-patch method provides a practical approach to measuring sweat sodium losses in field conditions, there is a need to understand the variability of estimates associated with this technique.Methods:Sweat samples were collected from the forearms, chest, scapula, and thigh of 12 cyclists during 2 standardized cycling time trials in the heat and 2 in temperate conditions. Single measure analysis of sodium concentration was conducted immediately by ion-selective electrodes (ISE). A subset of 30 samples was frozen for reanalysis of sodium concentration using ISE, flame photometry (FP), and conductivity (SC).Results:Sweat samples collected in hot conditions produced higher sweat sodium concentrations than those from the temperate environment (P= .0032). A significant difference (P= .0048) in estimates of sweat sodium concentration was evident when calculated from the forearm average (mean ± 95% CL; 64 ± 12 mmol/L) compared with using a 4-site equation (70 ± 12 mmol/L). There was a high correlation between the values produced using different analytical techniques (r2= .95), but mean values were different between treatments (frozen FP, frozen SC > immediate ISE > frozen ISE;P< .0001).Conclusion:Whole-body sweat sodium concentration estimates differed depending on the number of sites included in the calculation. Environmental testing conditions should be considered in the interpretation of results. The impact of sample freezing and subsequent analytical technique was small but statistically significant. Nevertheless, when undertaken using a standardized protocol, the regional absorbent-patch method appears to be a relatively robust field test.

scholarly journals No Relation Between Short-term Sodium Intake And Whole Body Sweat Sodium Concentration During Exercise-heat Stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (7S) ◽  
pp. 967-967
Author(s):  
Ryan P. Nuccio ◽  
Meagan O'Connor ◽  
Corey T. Ungaro ◽  
Kelly A. Barnes ◽  
Adam J. Reimel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sweat Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sweat Sodium

Relation between Regional and Whole Body Sweat Sodium Concentration and the Effect of Exercise Intensity

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (5S) ◽  
pp. 620
Author(s):  
Lindsay B. Baker ◽  
Corey T. Ungaro ◽  
Bridget C. Sopeña ◽  
Ryan P. Nuccio ◽  
Adam J. Reimel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sweat Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sweat Sodium

scholarly journals Hydration Status, Fluid Intake, Sweat Rate, and Sweat Sodium Concentration in Recreational Tropical Native Runners

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1374
Author(s):  
Juthamard Surapongchai ◽  
Vitoon Saengsirisuwan ◽  
Ian Rollo ◽  
Rebecca K. Randell ◽  
Kanpiraya Nithitsuttibuta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Fluid Replacement ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sweat Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sweat Sodium

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate hydration status, fluid intake, sweat rate, and sweat sodium concentration in recreational tropical native runners. Methods: A total of 102 males and 64 females participated in this study. Participants ran at their self-selected pace for 30–100 min. Age, environmental conditions, running profiles, sweat rates, and sweat sodium data were recorded. Differences in age, running duration, distance and pace, and physiological changes between sexes were analysed. A p-value cut-off of 0.05 depicted statistical significance. Results: Males had lower relative fluid intake (6 ± 6 vs. 8 ± 7 mL·kg−1·h−1, p < 0.05) and greater relative fluid balance deficit (−13 ± 8 mL·kg−1·h−1 vs. −8 ± 7 mL·kg−1·h−1, p < 0.05) than females. Males had higher whole-body sweat rates (1.3 ± 0.5 L·h−1 vs. 0.9 ± 0.3 L·h−1, p < 0.05) than females. Mean rates of sweat sodium loss (54 ± 27 vs. 39 ± 22 mmol·h−1) were higher in males than females (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The sweat profile and composition in tropical native runners are similar to reported values in the literature. The current fluid replacement guidelines pertaining to volume and electrolyte replacement are applicable to tropical native runners.

Measurement of sodium concentration in sweat samples: comparison of 5 analytical techniques

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 861-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric D.B. Goulet ◽  
Audrey Asselin ◽  
Jonathan Gosselin ◽  
Lindsay B. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Ion Chromatography ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Selective Electrode ◽  
Sweat Sodium Concentration ◽  
Normal Variability ◽  
Sweat Sodium

Sweat sodium concentration (SSC) can be determined using different analytical techniques (ATs), which may have implications for athletes and scientists. This study compared the SSC measured with 5 ATs: ion chromatography (IChr), flame photometry (FP), direct (DISE) and indirect (IISE) ion-selective electrode, and ion conductivity (IC). Seventy sweat samples collected from 14 athletes were analyzed with 5 instruments: the 883 Basic IC Plus (IChr, reference instrument), AAnalyst 200 (FP), Cobas 6000 (IISE), Sweat-Chek (IC), and B-722 Laqua Twin (DISE). Instruments showed excellent relative (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) ≥ 0.999) and absolute (coefficient of variation (CV) ≤ 2.6%) reliability. Relative validity was also excellent between ATs (ICC ≥ 0.961). In regards to the inter-AT absolute validity, compared with IChr, standard error of the estimates were similar among ATs (2.8–3.8 mmol/L), but CV was lowest with DISE (3.9%), intermediate with IISE (7.6%), and FP (6.9%) and highest with IC (12.3%). In conclusion, SSC varies depending on the AT used to analyze samples. Therefore, results obtained from different ATs are scarcely comparable and should not be used interchangeably. Nevertheless, taking into account the normal variability in SSC (∼±12%), the imprecision of the recommendations deriving from FP, IISE, IC, and DISE should have trivial health and physiological consequences under most exercise circumstances.

scholarly journals Cross‐validation of equations to predict whole‐body sweat sodium concentration from regional measures during exercise

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay B. Baker ◽  
Ryan P. Nuccio ◽  
Adam J. Reimel ◽  
Shyretha D. Brown ◽  
Corey T. Ungaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Validation ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sweat Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sweat Sodium

Normative data for regional sweat sodium concentration and whole-body sweating rate in athletes

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay B. Baker ◽  
Kelly A. Barnes ◽  
Melissa L. Anderson ◽  
Dennis H. Passe ◽  
John R. Stofan
Keyword(s):  
Normative Data ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sweating Rate ◽  
Sweat Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sweat Sodium

Sweat sodium concentration during exercise in the heat in aerobically trained and untrained humans

2011 ◽  
Vol 111 (11) ◽  
pp. 2873-2881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nassim Hamouti ◽  
Juan Del Coso ◽  
Juan F. Ortega ◽  
Ricardo Mora-Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sweat Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sweat Sodium ◽  
Aerobically Trained

scholarly journals Public service motivation in the Chinese public and private sectors

2019 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dermot McCarthy ◽  
Ping Wei ◽  
Fabian Homberg ◽  
Vurain Tabvuma
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Public Service Motivation ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Public ◽  
Municipal District ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to statistically test if the public service motivation (PSM) measure operates in the same way across the public and private sectors of a municipal district in China. It also contrasts the relationship between PSM and workplace outcomes across sectors and employee age groups. Design/methodology/approach Survey data from independent samples of public (n=220) and private (n=230) sector employees in the Changsha Municipal District of China is used. The analysis tests for invariance across groups, before comparing mean values and regression weights. Findings Only in respect of one PSM dimension do findings show a significant higher mean in the public sector. No significant difference is found on the impact of PSM on employee performance across sectors, while it is in the private sector that PSM has the greater impact on intention to leave. Findings also show no marked impact of age upon outcomes. Research limitations/implications This study provides an initial set of results and further research will need to be undertaken to verify them. The limited sample size and narrow geographical focus, although in line with similar studies on China, means the ability to draw generalisations is limited. The reliance on self-reported measures means issues with common method bias cannot be ignored. Measures were taken during data collection to minimise issues of bias and a set of post-hoc test results are provided. Practical implications The recruitment of employees with higher levels of PSM can be expected to play a role in achieving better outcomes, regardless of sector and age profile. Originality/value The PSM measure has been applied by researchers across various economic sectors. This paper is one of the first to statistically test if the concept and its measure operates in the same way across sectors. The paper contributes to the on-going debate on PSM in the context of China and its relationship with a number of key output variables. Finally, the paper contributes to the emerging debate on changing workforce demographics and their role in shaping outcomes.

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