scholarly journals Hydration Status, Fluid Intake, Sweat Rate, and Sweat Sodium Concentration in Recreational Tropical Native Runners

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1374
Author(s):  
Juthamard Surapongchai ◽  
Vitoon Saengsirisuwan ◽  
Ian Rollo ◽  
Rebecca K. Randell ◽  
Kanpiraya Nithitsuttibuta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Fluid Replacement ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sweat Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sweat Sodium

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate hydration status, fluid intake, sweat rate, and sweat sodium concentration in recreational tropical native runners. Methods: A total of 102 males and 64 females participated in this study. Participants ran at their self-selected pace for 30–100 min. Age, environmental conditions, running profiles, sweat rates, and sweat sodium data were recorded. Differences in age, running duration, distance and pace, and physiological changes between sexes were analysed. A p-value cut-off of 0.05 depicted statistical significance. Results: Males had lower relative fluid intake (6 ± 6 vs. 8 ± 7 mL·kg−1·h−1, p < 0.05) and greater relative fluid balance deficit (−13 ± 8 mL·kg−1·h−1 vs. −8 ± 7 mL·kg−1·h−1, p < 0.05) than females. Males had higher whole-body sweat rates (1.3 ± 0.5 L·h−1 vs. 0.9 ± 0.3 L·h−1, p < 0.05) than females. Mean rates of sweat sodium loss (54 ± 27 vs. 39 ± 22 mmol·h−1) were higher in males than females (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The sweat profile and composition in tropical native runners are similar to reported values in the literature. The current fluid replacement guidelines pertaining to volume and electrolyte replacement are applicable to tropical native runners.

Sweat rate, salt loss, and fluid intake during an intense on-ice practice in elite Canadian male junior hockey players

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Palmer ◽  
Lawrence L. Spriet
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Body Mass Loss ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Sodium Loss

Previous research in many sports suggests that losing ~1%–2% body mass through sweating impairs athletic performance. Elite-level hockey involves high-intensity bursts of skating, arena temperatures are >10 °C, and players wear protective equipment, all of which promote sweating. This study examined the pre-practice hydration, on-ice fluid intake, and sweat and sodium losses of 44 candidates for Canada’s junior men’s hockey team (mean ± SE age, 18.4 ± 0.1 y; height, 184.8 ± 0.9 cm; mass, 89.9 ± 1.1 kg). Players were studied in groups of 10–12 during 4 intense 1 h practices (13.9 °C, 66% relative humidity) on 1 day. Hydration status was estimated by measuring urine specific gravity (USG). Sweat rate was calculated from body mass changes and fluid intake. Sweat sodium concentration ([Na]) was analyzed in forehead sweat patch samples and used with sweat rate to estimate sodium loss. Over 50% of players began practice mildly hypohydrated (USG > 1.020). Sweat rate during practice was 1.8 ± 0.1 L·h–1 and players replaced 58% (1.0 ± 0.1 L·h–1) of the sweat lost. Body mass loss averaged 0.8% ± 0.1%, but 1/3 of players lost more than 1%. Sweat [Na] was 54.2 ± 2.4 mmol·L–1 and sodium loss averaged 2.26 ± 0.17 g during practice. Players drank only water during practice and replaced no sodium. In summary, elite junior hockey players incurred large sweat and sodium losses during an intense practice, but 2/3 of players drank enough to minimize body mass loss. However, 1/3 of players lost more than 1% body mass despite ready access to fluid and numerous drinking opportunities from the coaches.

Variability of Measurements of Sweat Sodium Using the Regional Absorbent-Patch Method

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 832-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine E. Dziedzic ◽  
Megan L. Ross ◽  
Gary J. Slater ◽  
Louise M. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Single Measure ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sweat Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sweat Sodium

Context:There is interest in including recommendations for the replacement of the sodium lost in sweat in individualized hydration plans for athletes.Purpose:Although the regional absorbent-patch method provides a practical approach to measuring sweat sodium losses in field conditions, there is a need to understand the variability of estimates associated with this technique.Methods:Sweat samples were collected from the forearms, chest, scapula, and thigh of 12 cyclists during 2 standardized cycling time trials in the heat and 2 in temperate conditions. Single measure analysis of sodium concentration was conducted immediately by ion-selective electrodes (ISE). A subset of 30 samples was frozen for reanalysis of sodium concentration using ISE, flame photometry (FP), and conductivity (SC).Results:Sweat samples collected in hot conditions produced higher sweat sodium concentrations than those from the temperate environment (P= .0032). A significant difference (P= .0048) in estimates of sweat sodium concentration was evident when calculated from the forearm average (mean ± 95% CL; 64 ± 12 mmol/L) compared with using a 4-site equation (70 ± 12 mmol/L). There was a high correlation between the values produced using different analytical techniques (r2= .95), but mean values were different between treatments (frozen FP, frozen SC > immediate ISE > frozen ISE;P< .0001).Conclusion:Whole-body sweat sodium concentration estimates differed depending on the number of sites included in the calculation. Environmental testing conditions should be considered in the interpretation of results. The impact of sample freezing and subsequent analytical technique was small but statistically significant. Nevertheless, when undertaken using a standardized protocol, the regional absorbent-patch method appears to be a relatively robust field test.

Water Balance and Salt Losses in Competitive Football

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 583-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Maughan ◽  
Phillip Watson ◽  
Gethin H. Evans ◽  
Nicholas Broad ◽  
Susan M. Shirreffs
Keyword(s):  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Fluid Replacement ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Cool Environment ◽  
Football Match ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sweat Sodium

Fluid balance and sweat electrolyte losses were measured in the players and substitutes engaged in an English Premier League Reserve competitive football match played at an ambient temperature of 6–8 °C (relative humidity 50–60%). Intake of water and/or sports drink and urine output were recorded, and sweat composition was estimated from absorbent swabs applied to 4 skin sites for the duration of the game. Body mass was recorded before and after the game. Data were obtained for 22 players (age 21 y, height 180 cm, mass 78 kg) and 9 substitutes (17 y, 181 cm, 72 kg). All were male. Two of the players were dismissed during the game, and none of the substitutes played any part in the game. Mean ± SD sweat loss of players amounted to 1.68 ± 0.40 L, and mean fluid intake was 0.84 ± 0.47 L (n = 20), with no difference between teams. Corresponding values for substitutes, none of whom played in the match, were 0.40 ± 0.24 L and 0.78 ± 0.46 L (n = 9). Prematch urine osmolality was 678 ± 344 mOsm/kg: 11 of the 31 players provided samples with an osmolality of more than 900 mOsm/kg. Sweat sodium concentration was 62 ± 13 mmol/L, and total sweat sodium loss during the game was 2.4 ± 0.8 g. These descriptive data show a large individual variability in hydration status, sweat losses, and drinking behaviors in a competitive football match played in a cool environment, highlighting the need for individualized assessment of hydration status to optimize fluid-replacement strategies.

scholarly journals Fluid Balance and Sodium Losses During Indoor Tennis Match Play

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 492-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J.E. Lott ◽  
Stuart D.R. Galloway
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fluid Balance ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Fluid Replacement ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Tennis Match

This study assessed fluid balance, sodium losses, and effort intensity during indoor tennis match play (17 ± 2 °C, 42% ± 9% relative humidity) over a mean match duration of 68.1 ± 12.8 min in 16 male tennis players. Ad libitum fluid intake was recorded throughout the match. Sweat loss from change in nude body mass; sweat electrolyte content from patches applied to the forearm, calf, and thigh, and back of each player; and electrolyte balance derived from sweat, urine, and daily food-intake analysis were measured. Effort intensity was assessed from on-court heart rate compared with data obtained during a maximal treadmill test. Sweat rate (M ± SD) was 1.1 ± 0.4 L/hr, and fluid-ingestion rate was 1.0 ± 0.6 L/hr (replacing 93% ± 47% of fluid lost), resulting in only a small mean loss in body mass of 0.15% ± 0.74%. Large interindividual variabilities in sweat rate (range 0.3–2.0 L/hr) and fluid intake (range 0.31–2.52 L/hr) were noted. Whole-body sweat sodium concentration was 38 ± 12 mmol/L, and total sodium losses during match play were 1.1 ± 0.4 g (range 0.5–1.8 g). Daily sodium intake was 2.8 ± 1.1 g. Indoor match play largely consisted of low-intensity exercise below ventilatory threshold (mean match heart rate was 138 ± 24 beats/min). This study shows that in moderate indoor temperature conditions players ingest sufficient fluid to replace sweat losses. However, the wide range in data obtained highlights the need for individualized fluid-replacement guidance.

scholarly journals No Relation Between Short-term Sodium Intake And Whole Body Sweat Sodium Concentration During Exercise-heat Stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (7S) ◽  
pp. 967-967
Author(s):  
Ryan P. Nuccio ◽  
Meagan O'Connor ◽  
Corey T. Ungaro ◽  
Kelly A. Barnes ◽  
Adam J. Reimel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sweat Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sweat Sodium

Relation between Regional and Whole Body Sweat Sodium Concentration and the Effect of Exercise Intensity

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (5S) ◽  
pp. 620
Author(s):  
Lindsay B. Baker ◽  
Corey T. Ungaro ◽  
Bridget C. Sopeña ◽  
Ryan P. Nuccio ◽  
Adam J. Reimel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sweat Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sweat Sodium

Normative Data for Sweat Rate and Whole-Body Sodium Concentration in Athletes Indigenous to Tropical Climate

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 264-271
Author(s):  
Anita M. Rivera-Brown ◽  
José R. Quiñones-González
Keyword(s):  
Normative Data ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Tropical Climate ◽  
Fluid Replacement ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Tropical Environments ◽  
Globe Temperature

This study determined normative data for sweat rate (SR) and whole-body (WB) sweat sodium concentration [Na+] in athletes indigenous to a tropical climate, categorized by age, gender, and sport classification. We analyzed data from 556 athletes (386 adult and 170 young) in endurance (END), team/ball (TBA), and combat (COM) sports exercising in tropical environments (wet bulb globe temperature = 29.4 ± 2.1 °C). SR was calculated from change in body weight corrected for urine output and fluid/food intake. Sweat was collected using absorbent patches, and regional [Na+] was determined using an ion selective analyzer and normalized to WB sweat [Na+]. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. SR was higher in males compared with females in both young (24.2 ± 7.7 ml·kg−1·hr−1 vs. 16.7 ± 5.7 ml·kg−1·hr−1) and adult (22.8 ± 7.4 ml·kg−1·hr−1 vs. 18.6 ± 7.0 ml·kg−1·hr−1) athletes, in END sports in girls (END = 19.1 ± 6.0 ml·kg−1·hr−1; TBA = 14.6 ± 4.5 ml·kg−1·hr−1), and in adult males (END = 25.2 ± 6.3 ml·kg−1·hr−1; TBA = 19.1 ± 7.2 ml·kg−1·hr−1; COM = 18.4 ± 8.5 ml·kg−1·hr−1) and females (END = 23.5 ± 5.6 ml·kg−1·hr−1; TBA = 14.2 ± 5.2 ml·kg−1·hr−1; COM = 15.3 ± 5.2 ml·kg−1·hr−1); p < .05. WB sweat [Na+] was higher in adult athletes than in young athletes (43 ± 10 mmol/L vs. 40 ± 9 mmol/L, p < .05). These norms provide a reference range for low, low average, average high, and high SR and WB sweat [Na+], which serve as a guide for fluid replacement for athletes who live and train in the tropics.

scholarly journals Cross‐validation of equations to predict whole‐body sweat sodium concentration from regional measures during exercise

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay B. Baker ◽  
Ryan P. Nuccio ◽  
Adam J. Reimel ◽  
Shyretha D. Brown ◽  
Corey T. Ungaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Validation ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sweat Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sweat Sodium

Hydration status and fluid and sodium balance in elite Canadian junior women’s soccer players in a cool environment

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 931-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer C. Gibson ◽  
Lynneth A. Stuart-Hill ◽  
Wendy Pethick ◽  
Catherine A. Gaul
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Female Adolescent ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Cool Environment ◽  
Sweat Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sweat Sodium

Dehydration can impair mental and on-field performance in soccer athletes; however, there is little data available from the female adolescent player. There is a lack of research investigating fluid and electrolyte losses in cool temperatures. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the pretraining hydration status, fluid balance, and sweat sodium loss in 34 female Canadian junior elite soccer athletes (mean age ± SD, 15.7 ± 0.7 years) in a cool environment. Data were collected during two 90 min on-field training sessions (9.8 ± 3.3 °C, 63% ± 12% relative humidity). Prepractice urine specific gravity (USG), sweat loss (pre- and post-training body mass), and sweat sodium concentration (regional sweat patch method) were measured at each session. Paired t tests were used to identify significant differences between training sessions and Pearson’s product moment correlation analysis was used to assess any relationships between selected variables (p ≤ 0.05). We found that 45% of players presented to practice in a hypohydrated state (USG > 1.020). Mean percent body mass loss was 0.84% ± 0.07% and sweat loss was 0.69 ± 0.54 L. Although available during each training session, fluid intake was low (63.6% of players consumed <250 mL). Mean sweat sodium concentration was 48 ± 12 mmol·L–1. Despite low sweat and moderate sodium losses, players did not drink enough to avoid mild fluid and sodium deficits during training. The findings from this study highlights the individual variations that occur in hydration management in athletes and thus the need for personalized hydration guidelines.

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