Permanent tattooing has no impact on local sweat rate, sweat sodium concentration and skin temperature or prediction of whole-body sweat sodium concentration during moderate-intensity cycling in a warm environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. 1111-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Beliveau ◽  
Maxime Perreault-Briere ◽  
David Jeker ◽  
Thomas A. Deshayes ◽  
Ana Durán-Suárez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Warm Environment ◽  
Local Sweat Rate ◽  
Sweat Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sweat Sodium

scholarly journals Hydration Status, Fluid Intake, Sweat Rate, and Sweat Sodium Concentration in Recreational Tropical Native Runners

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1374
Author(s):  
Juthamard Surapongchai ◽  
Vitoon Saengsirisuwan ◽  
Ian Rollo ◽  
Rebecca K. Randell ◽  
Kanpiraya Nithitsuttibuta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Fluid Replacement ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sweat Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sweat Sodium

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate hydration status, fluid intake, sweat rate, and sweat sodium concentration in recreational tropical native runners. Methods: A total of 102 males and 64 females participated in this study. Participants ran at their self-selected pace for 30–100 min. Age, environmental conditions, running profiles, sweat rates, and sweat sodium data were recorded. Differences in age, running duration, distance and pace, and physiological changes between sexes were analysed. A p-value cut-off of 0.05 depicted statistical significance. Results: Males had lower relative fluid intake (6 ± 6 vs. 8 ± 7 mL·kg−1·h−1, p < 0.05) and greater relative fluid balance deficit (−13 ± 8 mL·kg−1·h−1 vs. −8 ± 7 mL·kg−1·h−1, p < 0.05) than females. Males had higher whole-body sweat rates (1.3 ± 0.5 L·h−1 vs. 0.9 ± 0.3 L·h−1, p < 0.05) than females. Mean rates of sweat sodium loss (54 ± 27 vs. 39 ± 22 mmol·h−1) were higher in males than females (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The sweat profile and composition in tropical native runners are similar to reported values in the literature. The current fluid replacement guidelines pertaining to volume and electrolyte replacement are applicable to tropical native runners.

Variability of Measurements of Sweat Sodium Using the Regional Absorbent-Patch Method

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 832-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine E. Dziedzic ◽  
Megan L. Ross ◽  
Gary J. Slater ◽  
Louise M. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Single Measure ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sweat Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sweat Sodium

Context:There is interest in including recommendations for the replacement of the sodium lost in sweat in individualized hydration plans for athletes.Purpose:Although the regional absorbent-patch method provides a practical approach to measuring sweat sodium losses in field conditions, there is a need to understand the variability of estimates associated with this technique.Methods:Sweat samples were collected from the forearms, chest, scapula, and thigh of 12 cyclists during 2 standardized cycling time trials in the heat and 2 in temperate conditions. Single measure analysis of sodium concentration was conducted immediately by ion-selective electrodes (ISE). A subset of 30 samples was frozen for reanalysis of sodium concentration using ISE, flame photometry (FP), and conductivity (SC).Results:Sweat samples collected in hot conditions produced higher sweat sodium concentrations than those from the temperate environment (P= .0032). A significant difference (P= .0048) in estimates of sweat sodium concentration was evident when calculated from the forearm average (mean ± 95% CL; 64 ± 12 mmol/L) compared with using a 4-site equation (70 ± 12 mmol/L). There was a high correlation between the values produced using different analytical techniques (r2= .95), but mean values were different between treatments (frozen FP, frozen SC > immediate ISE > frozen ISE;P< .0001).Conclusion:Whole-body sweat sodium concentration estimates differed depending on the number of sites included in the calculation. Environmental testing conditions should be considered in the interpretation of results. The impact of sample freezing and subsequent analytical technique was small but statistically significant. Nevertheless, when undertaken using a standardized protocol, the regional absorbent-patch method appears to be a relatively robust field test.

scholarly journals No Relation Between Short-term Sodium Intake And Whole Body Sweat Sodium Concentration During Exercise-heat Stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (7S) ◽  
pp. 967-967
Author(s):  
Ryan P. Nuccio ◽  
Meagan O'Connor ◽  
Corey T. Ungaro ◽  
Kelly A. Barnes ◽  
Adam J. Reimel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sweat Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sweat Sodium

Relation between Regional and Whole Body Sweat Sodium Concentration and the Effect of Exercise Intensity

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (5S) ◽  
pp. 620
Author(s):  
Lindsay B. Baker ◽  
Corey T. Ungaro ◽  
Bridget C. Sopeña ◽  
Ryan P. Nuccio ◽  
Adam J. Reimel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sweat Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sweat Sodium

Comparison of regional patch collection vs. whole body washdown for measuring sweat sodium and potassium loss during exercise

2009 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 887-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay B. Baker ◽  
John R. Stofan ◽  
Adam A. Hamilton ◽  
Craig A. Horswill
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Sulfate Solution ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Local Sweat Rate ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Electrolyte Loss ◽  
Sweat Sodium

This study compared simultaneous whole body washdown (WBW) and regional skin surface (REG) sweat collections to generate regression equations to predict WBW sweat Na+ concentration ([Na+]) and K+ concentration ([K+]) from single- and five-site REG sweat patch collections. Athletes (10 men, 10 women) cycled in a plastic chamber for 90 min in the heat. Before exercise, the subject and bike were washed with deionized water. After the onset of sweating, sterile patches were attached to the forearm, back, chest, forehead, and thigh and removed on saturation. After exercise, the subject and bike were washed with ammonium sulfate solution to collect all sweat electrolyte loss and determine the volume of unevaporated sweat. All individual patch sites and five-site REG (weighted for local sweat rate and body surface area) were significantly ( P = 0.000) correlated with WBW sweat [Na+]. The equation for predicting WBW sweat [Na+] from five-site REG was y = 0.68 x + 0.44 [ r = 0.97, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.70] and did not differ between sexes. There were sex differences in the regression results between five-site REG and WBW sweat [K+] (men: y = 0.74 x + 0.30, r = 0.89, ICC = 0.73; women: y = 0.04 x + 3.18, r = 0.03, ICC = 0.00). Five-site REG sweat [Na+] and [K+] significantly overestimated that of WBW sweat (59 ± 27 vs. 41 ± 19 meq/l, P = 0.000 and 4.4 ± 0.7 vs. 3.6 ± 0.7 meq/l, P = 0.000, respectively). For both sexes, the best sites for predicting WBW sweat [Na+] and [K+] were the thigh (1 ± 8 meq/l < WBW, P = 1.000, y = 0.75 x + 11.37, r = 0.96, ICC = 0.93) and chest (0.2 ± 0.3 meq/l > WBW, P = 1.000, y = 0.76 x + 0.55, r = 0.89, ICC = 0.87), respectively. In conclusion, regression equations can be used to accurately and reliably predict WBW sweat [Na+] and [K+] from REG sweat collections when study conditions and techniques are similar to that of the present protocol.

scholarly journals Cross‐validation of equations to predict whole‐body sweat sodium concentration from regional measures during exercise

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay B. Baker ◽  
Ryan P. Nuccio ◽  
Adam J. Reimel ◽  
Shyretha D. Brown ◽  
Corey T. Ungaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Validation ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sweat Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sweat Sodium

scholarly journals Sweat Rates, Sweat Sodium Concentrations, and Sodium Losses in 3 Groups of Professional Football Players

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Fowkes Godek ◽  
Chris Peduzzi ◽  
Richard Burkholder ◽  
Steve Condon ◽  
Gary Dorshimer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
American Football ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Globe Temperature ◽  
The Right ◽  
Practice Time ◽  
Sweat Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sweat Sodium

Abstract Context: Sweat sodium losses have never been reported in a large cohort of American football players. Objective: To compare sweat rates (SwtRs), sweat sodium concentrations (SwtNa+), and sodium losses in 3 groups of players (backs and receivers [BK], linebackers and quarterbacks [LB/QB], and linemen [LM]) to determine if positional differences and, therefore, size differences exist. Design: Observational study. Setting: Data were collected during practices in the second week of 2 consecutive training camps. The wet bulb globe temperature was 78.5°F ± 3.5°F (25.9°C ± 1.9°C). Patients or Other Participants: Eighteen BK, 12 LB/QB, and 14 LM volunteered. Intervention(s): Sterile sweat patches were applied to the right forearm after the skin was appropriately cleaned. The patches were removed during practice, placed in sterile tubes, centrifuged, frozen, and later analyzed by flame photometry. Main Outcome Measure(s): Sweat rate, SwtNa+, and sodium loss. We calculated SwtR by change in mass adjusted for urine produced and fluids consumed divided by practice time in hours. Results: Other than age, physical characteristics were different among groups (P &lt; .001). The SwtR was different among groups (F2,41  =  7.3, P  =  .002). It was lower in BK (1.42 ± 0.45 L/h) than in LB/QB (1.98 ± 0.49 L/h) (P &lt; .05) and LM (2.16 ± 0.75 L/h) (P &lt; .01), but we found no differences between SwtRs for LB/QB and LM. The SwtNa+ was not different among groups (BK  =  50 ± 16 mEq/L, LB/QB  =  48.2 ± 23 mEq/L, and LM  =  52.8 ± 25 mEq/L) and ranged from 15 to 99 mEq/L. Sweat sodium losses ranged from 642 mg/h to 6.7 g/h, and findings for group comparisons approached significance (P  =  .06). On days when players practiced 4.5 hours, calculated sodium losses ranged from 2.3 to 30 g/d. Conclusions: The BK sweated at lower rates than did the midsized LB/QB and large LM, but LB/QB sweated similarly to LM. Sweat sodium concentration and daily sodium losses ranged considerably. Heavy, salty sweaters require increased dietary consumption of sodium during preseason.

Normative data for regional sweat sodium concentration and whole-body sweating rate in athletes

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay B. Baker ◽  
Kelly A. Barnes ◽  
Melissa L. Anderson ◽  
Dennis H. Passe ◽  
John R. Stofan
Keyword(s):  
Normative Data ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sweating Rate ◽  
Sweat Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sweat Sodium

Influence of graded dehydration on hyperthermia and cardiovascular drift during exercise

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 1340-1350 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Montain ◽  
E. F. Coyle
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Forearm Blood Flow ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Esophageal Temperature ◽  
Warm Environment ◽  
Cardiovascular Drift ◽  
Highly Correlated

This investigation determined the effect of different rates of dehydration, induced by ingesting different volumes of fluid during prolonged exercise, on hyperthermia, heart rate (HR), and stroke volume (SV). On four different occasions, eight endurance-trained cyclists [age 23 +/- 3 (SD) yr, body wt 71.9 +/- 11.6 kg, maximal O2 consumption 4.72 +/- 0.33 l/min] cycled at a power output equal to 62-67% maximal O2 consumption for 2 h in a warm environment (33 degrees C dry bulb, 50% relative humidity, wind speed 2.5 m/s). During exercise, they randomly received no fluid (NF) or ingested a small (SF), moderate (MF), or large (LF) volume of fluid that replaced 20 +/- 1, 48 +/- 1, and 81 +/- 2%, respectively, of the fluid lost in sweat during exercise. The protocol resulted in graded magnitudes of dehydration as body weight declined 4.2 +/- 0.1, 3.4 +/- 0.1, 2.3 +/- 0.1, and 1.1 +/- 0.1%, respectively, during NF, SF, MF, and LF. After 2 h of exercise, esophageal temperature (Tes), HR, and SV were significantly different among the four trials (P < 0.05), with the exception of NF and SF. The magnitude of dehydration accrued after 2 h of exercise in the four trials was linearly related with the increase in Tes (r = 0.98, P < 0.02), the increase in HR (r = 0.99, P < 0.01), and the decline in SV (r = 0.99, P < 0.01). LF attenuated hyperthermia, apparently because of higher skin blood flow, inasmuch as forearm blood flow was 20–22% higher than during SF and NF at 105 min (P < 0.05). There were no differences in sweat rate among the four trials. In each subject, the increase in Tes from 20 to 120 min of exercise was highly correlated to the increase in serum osmolality (r = 0.81-0.98, P < 0.02-0.19) and the increase in serum sodium concentration (r = 0.87-0.99, P < 0.01-0.13) from 5 to 120 min of exercise. In summary, the magnitude of increase in core temperature and HR and the decline in SV are graded in proportion to the amount of dehydration accrued during exercise.

Forearm cutaneous vascular and sudomotor responses to whole body passive heat stress in young smokers

2015 ◽  
Vol 309 (1) ◽  
pp. R36-R42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole E. Moyen ◽  
Hannah M. Anderson ◽  
Jenna M. Burchfield ◽  
Matthew A. Tucker ◽  
Melina A. Gonzalez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Mean Body Temperature ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Cutaneous Vasodilation ◽  
Local Sweat Rate ◽  
Vasomotor Activity ◽  
Young Smokers

The purpose of this study was to compare smokers and nonsmokers' sudomotor and cutaneous vascular responses to whole body passive heat stress. Nine regularly smoking (SMK: 29 ± 9 yr; 10 ± 6 cigarettes/day) and 13 nonsmoking (N-SMK: 27 ± 8 yr) males were passively heated until core temperature (TC) increased 1.5°C from baseline. Forearm local sweat rate (LSR) via ventilated capsule, sweat gland activation (SGA), sweat gland output (SGO), and cutaneous vasomotor activity via laser-Doppler flowmetry (CVC) were measured as mean body temperature increased (ΔTb) during passive heating using a water-perfused suit. Compared with N-SMK, SMK had a smaller ΔTb at the onset of sweating (0.52 ± 0.19 vs. 0.35 ± 0.14°C, respectively; P = 0.03) and cutaneous vasodilation (0.61 ± 0.21 vs. 0.31 ± 0.12°C, respectively; P < 0.01). Increases in LSR and CVC per °C ΔTb (i.e., sensitivity) were similar in N-SMK and SMK (LSR: 0.63 ± 0.21 vs. 0.60 ± 0.40 Δmg/cm2/min/°C ΔTb, respectively, P = 0.81; CVC: 82.5 ± 46.2 vs. 58.9 ± 23.3 Δ%max/°C ΔTb, respectively; P = 0.19). However, the plateau in LSR during whole body heating was higher in N-SMK vs. SMK (1.00 ± 0.13 vs. 0.79 ± 0.26 mg·cm−2·min−1; P = 0.03), which was likely a result of higher SGO (8.94 ± 3.99 vs. 5.94 ± 3.49 μg·gland−1·min−1, respectively; P = 0.08) and not number of SGA (104 ± 7 vs. 121 ± 9 glands/cm2, respectively; P = 0.58). During whole body passive heat stress, smokers had an earlier onset for forearm sweating and cutaneous vasodilation, but a lower local sweat rate that was likely due to lower sweat output per gland. These data provide insight into local (i.e., forearm) thermoregulatory responses of young smokers during uncompensatory whole body passive heat stress.

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