High Thermoregulatory Strain During Competitive Paratriathlon Racing in the Heat

Purpose: Paratriathletes may display impairments in autonomic (sudomotor and/or vasomotor function) or behavioral (drinking and/or pacing of effort) thermoregulation. As such, this study aimed to describe the thermoregulatory profile of athletes competing in the heat. Methods: Core temperature (Tc) was recorded at 30-second intervals in 28 mixed-impairment paratriathletes during competition in a hot environment (air temperature = 33°C, relative humidity = 35%–41%, and water temperature = 25°C–27°C), via an ingestible temperature sensor (BodyCap e-Celsius). Furthermore, in a subset of 9 athletes, skin temperature was measured. Athletes’ wetsuit use was noted while heat illness symptoms were self-reported postrace. Results: In total, 22 athletes displayed a Tc ≥ 39.5°C with 8 athletes ≥40.0°C. There were increases across the average Tc for swim, bike, and run sections (P ≤ .016). There was no change in skin temperature during the race (P ≥ .086). Visually impaired athletes displayed a significantly greater Tc during the run section than athletes in a wheelchair (P ≤ .021). Athletes wearing a wetsuit (57% athletes) had a greater Tc when swimming (P ≤ .032), whereas those reporting heat illness symptoms (57% athletes) displayed a greater Tc at various time points (P ≤ .046). Conclusions: Paratriathletes face significant thermal strain during competition in the heat, as evidenced by high Tc, relative to previous research in able-bodied athletes and a high incidence of self-reported heat illness symptomatology. Differences in the Tc profile exist depending on athletes’ race category and wetsuit use.

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Duration of Venodilation for Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation, as Induced by a Thermal Stimulus on the Forearm

Biological Research For Nursing ◽

10.1177/1099800416651145 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 206-212 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Yuki Tokizawa ◽

Tomomi Tsujimoto ◽

Tomoko Inoue

Keyword(s):

Skin Temperature ◽

Temperature Sensor ◽

Thermal Stimulation ◽

Thermal Stimulus ◽

Common Procedure ◽

Time Points ◽

Healthy Female ◽

Proportional Change ◽

Vein Diameter ◽

Time Point

Background:Application of a thermal stimulus is a common procedure used to promote venodilation for peripheral intravenous cannulation (PIVC); however, the effects of thermal stimulation on the duration of venodilation and skin temperature of the forearm are unclear.Aim:To investigate the duration of venodilation induced by a thermal stimulus on the forearm.Method:Healthy female adults ( N = 40) from Japan participated in this study from November to December 2013. A heat pack was warmed to 40°C ± 2°C and placed over the forearm for 15 min. Vein diameter was measured via ultrasound and skin temperature via temperature sensor at six time points: before application of the thermal stimulus and at 1-min intervals for 5 min upon removal of the thermal stimulus. The main outcomes were vein diameter, proportional change in vein diameter, and skin temperature. We calculated proportional change in vein diameter after application of the thermal stimulus using vein diameter before the thermal stimulus to represent 100%.Results:Compared with vein diameter before thermal stimulus, the diameter at each time point after thermal stimulus was significantly increased ( p < .05) as were proportional change in vein diameter ( p < .05) and skin temperature.Conclusion:A thermal stimulus of 40°C ± 2°C on the forearm dilated veins significantly for PIVC, and the effect persisted for at least 5 min.

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Cooling the Neck Region During Exercise in the Heat

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-46.1.61 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 61-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Christopher James Tyler ◽

Caroline Sunderland

Keyword(s):

Skin Temperature ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Thermal Sensation ◽

Thermal Strain ◽

Neck Region ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Hot Environment ◽

Feeling Scale ◽

Volitional Exhaustion ◽

Test Variability

Abstract Context: Cooling the neck region can improve the ability to exercise in a hot environment. It might improve performance by dampening the perceived level of thermal strain, allowing individuals to override inhibitory signals. Objective: To investigate whether the enhanced ability to exercise in a hot environment observed when cooling the neck region occurs because of dampening the perceived level of thermal strain experienced and the subsequent overriding of inhibitory signals. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Walk-in environmental chamber. Patients or Other Participants: Eight endurance-trained, nonacclimated men (age = 26 ± 2 years, height = 1.79 ± 0.04 m, mass = 77.0 ± 6.2 kg, maximal oxygen uptake [V˙O2max] = 56.2 ± 9.2 mL·kg−1·min−1) participated. Intervention(s): Participants completed 4 running tests at approximately 70% V˙O2max to volitional exhaustion: 2 familiarization trials followed by 2 experimental trials (cooling collar [CC] and no collar [NC]). Trials were separated by 7 days. Familiarization and NC trials were performed without a collar and used to assess the test variability. Main Outcome Measure(s): Time to volitional exhaustion, heart rate, rectal temperature, neck skin temperature, rating of perceived exertion, thermal sensation, and feeling scale (pleasure/displeasure) were measured. Results: Time to volitional exhaustion was increased by 13.5% ± 3.8% (CC = 43.15 ± 12.82 minutes, NC = 38.20 ± 11.70 minutes; t7 = 9.923, P < .001) with the CC, which reduced mean neck skin temperature throughout the test (P < .001). Participants terminated exercise at identical levels of perceived exertion, thermal sensation, and feeling scale, but the CC enabled participants to tolerate higher rectal temperatures (CC = 39.61°C ± 0.45°C, NC = 39.18°C ± 0.7°C; t7 = −3.217, P = .02) and heart rates (CC = 181 ± 6 beats/min, NC = 178 ± 9 beats/min; t7 = −2.664, P = .03) at the point of termination. Conclusions: Cooling the neck increased the time taken to reach volitional exhaustion by dampening the perceived levels of thermal strain.

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Design of a Polymer Based On-Skin Temperature Sensor

2021 2nd International Conference on Robotics, Electrical and Signal Processing Techniques (ICREST) ◽

10.1109/icrest51555.2021.9331120 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Md Mashrur Sakib Choyon ◽

A SM Mehedi Hasan Sad ◽

Abu Hasnat Md Rhydwan ◽

Kawshik Shikder ◽

Chowdhury Akram Hossain

Keyword(s):

Skin Temperature ◽

Temperature Sensor

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Thermoregulatory responses during competitive marathon running

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1977.42.6.909 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 42 (6) ◽

pp. 909-914 ◽

Cited By ~ 98

Author(s):

M. B. Maron ◽

J. A. Wagner ◽

S. M. Horvath

Keyword(s):

Skin Temperature ◽

Marathon Running ◽

Heat Illness ◽

Mean Skin Temperature ◽

Total Water ◽

Water Losses ◽

Thermoregulatory Responses ◽

Marked Disparity ◽

Skin Temperatures ◽

Cool Conditions

To assess thermoregulatory responses occuring under actual marathon racing conditions, rectal (Tre) and five skin temperatures were measured in two runners approximately every 9 min of a competitive marathon run under cool conditions. Race times and total water losses were: runner 1 = 162.7 min, 3.02 kg; runner 2 = 164.6 min, 2.43 kg. Mean skin temperature was similar throughout the race in the two runners, although they exhibited a marked disparity in temperature at individual skin sites. Tre plateaued after 35--45 min (runner 1 = 40.0--40.1, runner 2 = 38.9--39.2 degrees C). While runner 2 maintained a relatively constant level for the remainder of the race, runner 1 exhibited a secondary increase in Tre. Between 113 and 119 min there was a precipitous rise in Tre from 40.9 to 41.9 degrees C. Partitional calorimetric calculations suggested that a decrease in sweating was responsible for this increment. However, runner 1's ability to maintain his high Tre and running pace for the remaining 44 min of the race and exhibit no signs of heat illness indicated thermoregulation was intact.

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Skin Temperature Responses in a Hot Environment among Wheelchair Rugby and Basketball Players with Spinal Cord Injury

International Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation ◽

10.4172/2329-9096.1000478 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 06 (04) ◽

Author(s):

Nami Shida ◽

Yorimitsu Furukawa ◽

Osamu Nitta

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Spinal Cord Injury ◽

Skin Temperature ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Wheelchair Rugby ◽

Hot Environment ◽

Cord Injury ◽

Temperature Responses

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The effect of environmental temperature on the growth of vertebrae in the tail of the mouse

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.24.2.405 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 405-410

Author(s):

Janet F. Noel ◽

E. A. Wright

Keyword(s):

Skin Temperature ◽

Environmental Temperature ◽

Tissue Temperature ◽

Local Skin ◽

Temperature Growth ◽

Peripheral Organs ◽

Hot Environment ◽

Caudal Vertebrae ◽

Local Skin Temperature ◽

C3h Mice

C3H mice were bred at 30°C and 22°C. At 28 days of age the lengths of the sacral and caudal vertebrae were measured from radiographs and related to the local skin temperature. Growth of the sacral and proximal caudal vertebrae was slightly retarded in the hot environment, but the distal caudal vertebrae showed increased growth which could be quantitatively related to an increase in skin temperature. This suggests that in hot climates the increased growth of peripheral organs of some mammals is due to local increases in tissue temperature.

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Characteristics of a Fiber Bragg Grating Temperature Sensor Using the Thermal Strain of an External Tube

Journal of the Korean Physical Society ◽

10.3938/jkps.59.3188 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 59 (5(1)) ◽

pp. 3188-3191 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Cherl-Hee Lee ◽

Jonghun Lee ◽

Min-Kuk Kim ◽

Kwang Taek Kim

Keyword(s):

Fiber Bragg Grating ◽

Temperature Sensor ◽

Thermal Strain ◽

Bragg Grating ◽

External Tube

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Acclimatization of calves to a hot humid environment

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600029609 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 52 (3) ◽

pp. 305-312 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

W. Bianca

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Body Temperature ◽

Respiratory Rate ◽

Skin Temperature ◽

Rectal Temperature ◽

Heat Production ◽

Metabolic Heat ◽

Hot Environment ◽

Humid Environment ◽

Physiological Reactions

1. Three calves were exposed in a climatic room to an environment of 40° C. dry-bulb and 38° C. wet-bulb temperature for up to 110 min. each day for 1-2 weeks.2. These exposures produced progressive changes in the physiological reactions of the animals to heat:(a) Rectal temperature and skin temperature (for a given time of exposure) declined. In consequence there was a marked increase in the tolerance time, i.e. in the time for which the animals could withstand the hot environment before reaching a rectal temperature of 42° C.(b) Respiratory rate rose earlier and assumed higher levels (for given levels of body temperature).(c) Heart rate decreased markedly.3. These changes are discussed in relation to heat loss and heat production and have been interpreted as reflecting chiefly a reduction in the metabolic heat production of the animals.

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