Stiffness and Endurance of a Locking Compression Plate Fixed on Fractured Femur

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaosuan Kanchanomai ◽  
Panurungsit Muanjan ◽  
Vajara Phiphobmongkol
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Fracture ◽  
Locking Compression Plate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Short Column ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Compression Plate ◽  
Screw Position ◽  
Gap Models ◽  
Locking Screw

The effects of locking screw position (long column fixation—long distance between the nearest screws to the fracture—and short column fixation—short distance between the nearest screws to the fracture) and fracture gap size (1-mm and 8-mm transverse fracture gap) on stiffness and fatigue of fractured femur fixed with a locking compression plate (LCP) were biomechanically evaluated. The stiffness of 1-mm fracture gap models and that of intact femoral model were in the range of 270–284 N/mm, while those of 8-mm fracture gap models were significantly lower (155–170 N/mm). After 1,000,000 cycles of loading, no fracture of LCP of 1-mm fracture gap models fixed in either long column or short column fashions occurred. On the other hand, the complete fractures of LCPs of 8-mm fracture gap models fixed in long column and short column fashions occurred after 51,500 and 42,000 cycles of loading, respectively. These results suggest that the full weight loading may be allowed for the patient with 1-mm transverse femoral fracture fixed with an LCP. On the other hand, the full load of walking should be avoided for the patient with 8-mm transverse femoral fracture fixed with an LCP before adequate healing.

scholarly journals Cerebral cortical communication overshadows computational energy-use, but these combine to predict synapse number

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B Levy ◽  
Victoria G. Calvert
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Neural Computation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Darwinian Evolution ◽  
Energy Audit ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Communication Costs ◽  
Other Hand

Darwinian evolution tends to produce energy-efficient outcomes. On the other hand, energy limits computation, be it neural and probabilistic or digital and logical. Taking a particular energy-efficient viewpoint, we define neural computation and make use of an energy-constrained, computational function. This function can be optimized over a variable that is proportional to the number of synapses per neuron. This function also implies a specific distinction between ATP-consuming processes, especially computation per se vs the communication processes including action potentials and transmitter release. Thus to apply this mathematical function requires an energy audit with a partitioning of energy consumption that differs from earlier work. The audit points out that, rather than the oft-quoted 20 watts of glucose available to the brain (1, 2), the fraction partitioned to cortical computation is only 0.1 watts of ATP. On the other hand at 3.5 watts, long-distance communication costs are 35-fold greater. Other novel quantifications include (i) a finding that the biological vs ideal values of neural computational efficiency differ by a factor of 108 and (ii) two predictions of N, the number of synaptic transmissions needed to fire a neuron (2500 vs 2000).Significance StatementEngineers hold up the human brain as a low energy form of computation. However from the simplest physical viewpoint, a neuron’s computation cost is remarkably larger than the best possible bits/J – off by a factor of 108. Here we explicate, in the context of energy consumption, a definition of neural computation that is optimal given explicit constraints. The plausibility of this definition as Nature’s perspective is supported by an energy-audit of the human brain. The audit itself requires certain novel perspectives and calculations revealing that communication costs are 35-fold computational costs.

The Economics of Air Line Operation

1936 ◽  
Vol 40 (312) ◽  
pp. 839-860
Author(s):  
L. T. H. Greig
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
The Political ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Times ◽  
Considerable Detail

In speaking to you to-night on the Economics of Air Line Operation, I propose to speak primarily from the viewpoint of the operator of an internal air line. I do not mean, by that, that I shall confine my remarks strictly to the various problems encountered by my own particular company, nor do I mean that any opinions which I may express will, of necessity, be of interest only to operators of internal services. On the other hand, I do not intend to venture into the realms of very long distance air routes, such as Empire routes, many of the problems connected with which have already been dealt with in considerable detail by Mr. Woods Humphrey in his interesting series of articles in The Times in May of this year. Such small experience as I have had so far with international flying has convinced me that the political difficulties, which are undoubtedly encountered by many of the national air transport companies, must force upon them policies other than those dictated by strictly economic requirements, and in consequence, must render a true comparison between their operation and purely European flying almost impossible.

Treatment of a femoral fracture with a titanium locking compression plate distal femur (LCP-DF) in a young donkey

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bumbacher ◽  
M. F. Bryner ◽  
A. E. Fürst ◽  
F. Del Chicca ◽  
S. K. Ringer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Fracture ◽  
Distal Femur ◽  
Locking Compression Plate ◽  
Compression Plate

scholarly journals Analyze the Development Status and Optimization Strategies of Food Cold Chain Logistics

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujie Li ◽  
Khor Kok Keat
Keyword(s):  
Living Standards ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Logistics Industry ◽  
Development Status ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Comprehensive Level ◽  
Good For

<p>Researchers pointed out that in recent years, with the improvement and optimization of living standards, the food cold chain logistics industry has developed vigorously. In general, based on the promotion of food cold chain logistics, researchers can further realize the reasonable exploration of cold chain logistics, so as to effectively realize the overall development and construction of cold chain logistics, which is good for the reasonable satisfaction of the people’s dietary needs. The promotion of meaning and value. On the other hand, the development of the cold chain logistics industry has further realized the reasonable satisfaction of the requirements of the cold chain transportation of food materials, has a good guiding role in the realization of long-distance transportation of food materials, and is conducive to the diversified development of the people’s diet structure. However, at present, in the process of food cold chain logistics work, my country still has certain shortcomings to be improved. This article analyzes the development status of food cold chain logistics, and proposes corresponding optimization strategies at the same time, aiming to effectively realize the improvement and optimization of the comprehensive level of my country’s food cold chain logistics industry.</p>

The Social Organization of Credit in a West African Cattle Market

Africa ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abner Cohen
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
West African ◽  
The Other ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
African Cattle ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Social ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
Cattle Market

Opening ParagraphCredit is a vital economic institution without which trade becomes very limited. In the industrial Western societies, where it is highly developed, it operates through formal, standardized arrangements and procedures by which the solvency of the debtor is closely assessed, securities against possible default are provided, and the conditions of the agreement are documented and endorsed by the parties concerned. Ultimately, these arrangements and procedures are upheld by legislated rules and sanctions administered by central, bureaucratized, fairly impartial, efficient, and effective courts and police. In West Africa, on the other hand, where long-distance trade has been fostered by varying ecological circumstances, such organization has not yet evolved, particularly for long-distance trade. Nevertheless extensive systems of credit have been developed.

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