Reliability of 2-Dimensional Video Assessment of Frontal-Plane Dynamic Knee Valgus During Common Athletic Screening Tasks

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan Munro ◽  
Lee Herrington ◽  
Michael Carolan
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Video Analysis ◽  
Outcome Measurement ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Knee Valgus ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Single Leg Squat

Context:Two-dimensional (2D) video analysis of frontal-plane dynamic knee valgus during common athletic screening tasks has been purported to identify individuals who may be at high risk of suffering knee injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament tear or patellofemoral pain syndrome. Although the validity of 2D video analysis has been studied, the associated reliability and measurement error have not.Objective:To assess the reliability and associated measurement error of a 2D video analysis of lower limb dynamic valgus.Design:Reliability study.Participants:20 recreationally active university students (10 women age 21.5 ± 2.3 y, height 170.1 ± 6.1 cm, weight 66.2 ± 10.2 kg, and 10 men age 22.6 ± 3.1 y, height 177.9 ± 6.0 cm, weight 75.8 ± 7.9 kg).Main Outcome Measurement:Within-day and between-days reliability and measurement-error values of 2D frontal-plane projection angle (FPPA) during common screening tasks.Interventions:Participants performed single-leg squat and drop jump and single-leg landings from a standard 28-cm step with standard 2D digital video camera assessment.Results:Women demonstrated significantly higher FPPA in all tests except the left single-leg squat. Within-day ICCs showed good reliability and ranged from .59 to .88, and between-days ICCs were good to excellent, ranging from .72 to .91. Standard error of measurement and smallest detectable difference values ranged from 2.72° to 3.01° and 7.54° to 8.93°, respectively.Conclusions:2D FPPA has previously been shown to be valid and has now also been shown to be a reliable measure of lower extremity dynamic knee valgus. Using the measurement error values presented along with previously published normative data, clinicians can now make informed judgments about individual performance and changes in performance resulting from interventions.

scholarly journals Asymmetries in Dynamic Valgus Index After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Proof-of-Concept Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 7047
Author(s):  
Kai-Yu Ho ◽  
Andrew Murata
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Ligament Reconstruction ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Knee Valgus ◽  
Injured Limb ◽  
Acl Injuries ◽  
Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
Dynamic Valgus

Individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) are at a higher risk for subsequent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears. Risk factors for ACL injuries likely involve a combination of anatomical, biomechanical, and neuromuscular factors. Dynamic knee valgus has been indicated as a possible biomechanical factor for future ACL injuries. Given that knee valgus is often accompanied by contralateral pelvic drop during single-leg activities, a dynamic valgus index (DVI) that quantifies combined kinematics of the knee and hip in the frontal plane has recently been developed. As the premise of asymmetrical DVI between limbs in the ACLR population has not been examined, this cross-sectional study was conducted with the aim to compare DVI between individuals with ACLR and healthy controls. Videos were taken for 12 participants with ACLR and 20 healthy controls when they performed single-leg hopping. One-way ANOVA revealed a higher DVI in the injured limb of the ACLR group when compared to their non-injured limb and to the healthy limb of the control group. As our data showed increased DVI in the injured limb of the ACLR group, the DVI approach accounting for hip and knee kinematics may be used to identify frontal plane movement deficits during single-leg hopping in individuals with ACLR.

scholarly journals Are Core Stability Tests Related to Single Leg Squat Performance in Active Females?

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5548
Author(s):  
Paloma Guillén-Rogel ◽  
David Barbado ◽  
Cristina Franco-Escudero ◽  
Cristina San Emeterio ◽  
Pedro J. Marín
Keyword(s):  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Neuromuscular Control ◽  
Smartphone Application ◽  
Ankle Dorsiflexion ◽  
Core Stability ◽  
Knee Valgus ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Single Leg Squat

Core stability (CS) deficits can have a significant impact on lower limb function. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between two dynamic core exercise assessments and dynamic knee valgus during single-leg squats. In total, 20 physically active female students participated in this study. The OCTOcore smartphone application assesses CS during two dynamic exercise tests, the partial range single-leg deadlift (SLD) test and the bird-dog (BD) test. A two-dimensional assessment of a single-leg squat test was used to quantify participants’ hip frontal angle (HFASLS) and knee frontal plane projection angle (FPPASLS). Ankle dorsiflexion was evaluated through the weight-bearing dorsiflexion test. The correlational analyses indicated that the HFASLS was significantly related to the partial range single-leg deadlift test (r = 0.314, p < 0.05) and ankle dorsiflexion (r = 0.322, p < 0.05). The results showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the CS test between cases categorised as dynamic knee valgus (>10°) and normal (≤10°). The CS deficit may influence the neuromuscular control of the lumbopelvic-hip complex during single-leg movements. The link between CS and kinematic factors related to knee injuries was only observed when CS was measured in the SLD test but not in the BD test.

scholarly journals Lower Extremity Energy Absorption and Biomechanics During Landing, Part II: Frontal-Plane Energy Analyses and Interplanar Relationships

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 757-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc F. Norcross ◽  
Michael D. Lewek ◽  
Darin A. Padua ◽  
Sandra J. Shultz ◽  
Paul S. Weinhold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Knee Valgus ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Peak Knee ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
Impact Phase

Context: Greater sagittal-plane energy absorption (EA) during the initial impact phase (INI) of landing is consistent with sagittal-plane biomechanics that likely increase anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) loading, but it does not appear to influence frontal-plane biomechanics. We do not know whether frontal-plane INI EA is related to high-risk frontal-plane biomechanics. Objective: To compare biomechanics among INI EA groups, determine if women are represented more in the high group, and evaluate interplanar INI EA relationships. Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Setting: Research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Participants included 82 (41 men, 41 women; age = 21.0 ± 2.4 years, height = 1.74 ± 0.10 m, mass = 70.3 ± 16.1 kg) healthy, physically active volunteers. Intervention(s): We assessed landing biomechanics with an electromagnetic motion-capture system and force plate. Main Outcome Measure(s): We calculated frontal- and sagittal-plane total, hip, knee, and ankle INI EA. Total frontal-plane INI EA was used to create high, moderate, and low tertiles. Frontal-plane knee and hip kinematics, peak vertical and posterior ground reaction forces, and peak internal knee-varus moment (pKVM) were identified and compared across groups using 1-way analyses of variance. We used a χ2 analysis to evaluate male and female allocation to INI EA groups. We used simple, bivariate Pearson product moment correlations to assess interplanar INI EA relationships. Results: The high–INI EA group exhibited greater knee valgus at ground contact, hip adduction at pKVM, and peak hip adduction than the low–INI EA group (P &lt; .05) and greater peak knee valgus, pKVM, and knee valgus at pKVM than the moderate– (P &lt; .05) and low– (P &lt; .05) INI EA groups. Women were more likely than men to be in the high–INI EA group (χ2 = 4.909, P = .03). Sagittal-plane knee and frontal-plane hip INI EA (r = 0.301, P = .006) and sagittal-plane and frontal-plane ankle INI EA were associated (r = 0.224, P = .04). No other interplanar INI EA relationships were found (P &gt; .05). Conclusions: Greater frontal-plane INI EA was associated with less favorable frontal-plane biomechanics that likely result in greater ACL loading. Women were more likely than men to use greater frontal-plane INI EA. The magnitudes of sagittal- and frontal-plane INI EA were largely independent.

scholarly journals SINGLE LEG SQUAT COMPENSATIONS ASSOCIATE WITH SOFTBALL PITCHING PATHOMECHANICS IN ADOLESCENT SOFTBALL PITCHERS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7_suppl3) ◽  
pp. 2325967121S0006
Author(s):  
Gretchen D. Oliver ◽  
Kenzie B. Friesen ◽  
Regan E. Shaw ◽  
David Shannon ◽  
Jeffrey Dugas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Knee Valgus ◽  
Trunk Rotation ◽  
Lateral Flexion ◽  
Trunk Flexion ◽  
Backward Elimination ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Single Leg Squat ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Softball pitchers have an eminent propensity for injury due to the high repetition and ballistic nature of the pitch. As such, trunk pathomechanics during pitching have been associated with upper extremity pain. The single leg squat (SLS) is a simple diagnostic tool used to examine LPHC and trunk stability. Research shows a lack of LPHC stability is often associated with altered pitching mechanics consequently increasing pain and injury susceptibility. Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between trunk compensatory kinematics during the SLS and kinematics during foot contact of the windmill pitch. The authors hypothesized there would be a relationship between SLS compensations and pitch kinematics previously associated with injury. In using a simple clinical assessment such as the SLS, athletes, coaches, parents, and clinicians can identify potential risk factors that may predispose the athlete to injurious movement patterns. Methods: Fifty-five youth and high school softball pitchers (12.6±2.2 years, 160.0±11.0 cm, 60.8±15.5 kg) were recruited to participate. Kinematic data were collected at 100Hz using an electromagnetic tracking device. Participants were asked to complete a SLS on their stride leg (contralateral to their throwing arm), then throw 3 fastballs at maximal effort. Values of trunk flexion, trunk lateral flexion, and trunk rotation at peak depth of the SLS were used as the dependent variables in three separate backward elimination regression analyses. Independent variables examined at foot contact of the pitch included: trunk flexion, trunk lateral flexion, trunk rotation, center of mass, stride length, and stride knee valgus. Results: The SLS trunk rotation regression, F(1,56) = 4.980, p = .030, revealed trunk flexion significantly predicted SLS trunk rotation (SE = .068, t = 2.232, p = .030) and explained approximately 7% of variance (Adj. R2 = .066). The SLS trunk flexion regression, F(1,56) = 5.755, p = .020, revealed stride knee valgus significantly predicted SLS trunk flexion (SE = .256, t = 2.399, p = .020) and explained approximately 8% of variance (Adj. R2 = .078). Conclusion/Significance: Additional trunk rotation and trunk flexion at peak depth of the SLS indicate increased knee valgus and trunk flexion at foot contact of the pitch, both of which suggest poor LPHC stability, may increase the potential for injury. Athletes, coaches and clinicians should acknowledge the risk of poor LPHC in softball pitching and implement exercises to improve LPHC stability in effort to decrease pitching pathomechanics and associated pain.

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