Title IX and Intercollegiate Athletics: An Analysis of EADA Data on Student Enrollment, Sport Participation and Scholarship Allocation

The 2009–10 Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act (EADA) data were used to analyze and compare student enrollment, sport participation rates/participants, and scholarship allocation at NCAA Division I, II, and III colleges and their subdivisions from a critical perspective through the lens of feminism. The EADA data included 1,062 NCAA collegiate institutions, with 350 Division I colleges, 209 in Division II, and 420 in Division III. Within Division I, the three subdivisions included I-A (FBS), I-AA (FCS), and I-AAA (without football). For Divisions II and III, findings were reported for colleges with and without football. Of the 6 million students attending NCAA colleges, 54% are female students, while only 43% of sport participants are women, which reflects an 11% gap between female enrollment and sport participation. Scholarship allocation appears to favor women when using the OCR comparison of scholarships to participants; however, the opposite conclusion is drawn based upon additional information.

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Distributive Justice in Intercollegiate Athletics: Perceptions of Athletic Directors and Athletic Board Chairs

Journal of Sport Management ◽

10.1123/jsm.16.4.331 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 331-356 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Daniel F. Mahony ◽

Mary A. Hums ◽

Harold A. Riemer

Keyword(s):

Distributive Justice ◽

Intercollegiate Athletics ◽

Ncaa Division I ◽

Athletic Directors ◽

Division I ◽

Division Iii

Hums and Chelladurai (1994b) found NCAA coaches and administrators believed distributing resources based on equality and need was more just than distributing them based on equity (i.e., contribution). However, Mahony and Pastore (1998) found actual distributions, particularly at the NCAA Division I level, appear to be based on equity over equality and need. The main purpose of the current study was to determine why the findings in these studies differed. The authors of the current study reexamined the principles from Hums and Chelladurai's (1994b) study, while making significant changes in the sample examined, asking new questions, and adding more distribution options. The results indicated that need based principles were considered to be the most fair, but there was less support for equality than in prior research. In addition, the current study found differences between Division I and Division III administrators with regards to some equality and equity based principles.

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¿Por qué jugar? Sport socialization among Hispanic/Latina female NCAA division I student-athletes

Journal of Amateur Sport ◽

10.17161/jas.v3i2.6460 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 27-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lindsey Darvin ◽

Alicia Cintron ◽

Meg Hancock

Keyword(s):

Intercollegiate Athletics ◽

Ncaa Division I ◽

Student Athletes ◽

Sport Participation ◽

National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Division I ◽

Elite Group ◽

Athletic Success ◽

Potential Factors

Representation of Hispanics/Latinas in intercollegiate athletics is lacking. During the 2014-2015 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletic season, only 2.2 percent of all female Division I student-athlete’s identified as Hispanic or Latina (NCAA, 2015). This low percentage of Hispanic/Latina female participants calls into question how these young women become involved in athletics and sustain their involvement within sport. While previous research has examined the socialization processes of youth athletes and parents of youth athlete participants, there is little research aimed at examining these processes for elite-level athlete participants (Dorsch, Smith, & McDonough, 2015; Greendorfer, Blinde, & Pellegrini, 1986;). Thus, the aim of this current study was to examine the potential factors that may have contributed to consistent sport participation for an elite group of Hispanic/Latina female athletes throughout their youth and collegiate careers. Participants for this study identified as current NCAA Division I Hispanic/Latina female student-athletes. Results showed that family, specifically parents and siblings, contributed to socializing Hispanic/Latina athletes into sport, while family and coaches contributed to the persistence of their athletic endeavors. Findings also show a sense of cultural indifference, youth coaches who invested in the participants long-term, and a significant involvement of the patriarch of the family in their athletic success.

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Use of the Responsible Decision Making Model for Athletics (RDMMA) to Address Conflicting Priorities at NCAA Division I Member Institutions

Sport Management Education Journal ◽

10.1123/smej.4.1.60 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 60-75 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Athena Yiamouyiannis ◽

Heather J. Lawrence ◽

Mary A. Hums ◽

B. David Ridpath

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Intercollegiate Athletics ◽

Ncaa Division I ◽

Title Ix ◽

Unintended Consequences ◽

Division I ◽

Background Information ◽

Practical Application ◽

Decision Making Model ◽

Provide Background Information

Intercollegiate athletics administrators face many difficult and complex issues throughout the course of their careers related to balancing athletics budgets, remaining competitive in select sports and complying with Title IX. To better prepare future athletics administrators to handle these challenges, the authors provide background information on the complexities of the issue, discuss use of the Responsible Decision Making Model for Athletics (RDMMA) as a tool to assist in the process, and demonstrate the use of this model as applied to intercollegiate athletics. The RDMMA provides a framework from which to organize information, ensure all constituencies are considered, save time in decision making, and evaluate intended and unintended consequences of decisions. Professors can use the RDMMA as a tool in the classroom to bridge the gap between academic theory and practical application of these concepts to help guide future athletics administrators on how to approach complex issues and responsibilities.

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Bases for Determining Need: Perspectives of Intercollegiate Athletic Directors and Athletic Board Chairs

Journal of Sport Management ◽

10.1123/jsm.19.2.170 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 170-192 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Daniel F. Mahony ◽

Mary A. Hums ◽

Harold A. Riemer

Keyword(s):

Intercollegiate Athletics ◽

Ncaa Division I ◽

Athletic Directors ◽

Division I ◽

Athletic Administrators ◽

Division Iii ◽

Intercollegiate Athletic ◽

Distribution Of Resources ◽

Competitive Success ◽

Program Costs

The distribution of resources in intercollegiate athletics has been controversial for many years. Prior research indicated various stakeholders believed need-based distributions were fair and were more likely to be used. It was not clear, however, how the stakeholders determined need or which sports had the greatest needs. The results of the current study indicate that athletic administrators believe programs need more resources when they lack resources, have high program costs, or lack adequate resources to be competitively successful. Although these three reasons were each identified by all groups, Division I administrators cited competitive success more often, and Division III administrators cited high program costs more often. The current study also found that football was the sport believed to have the greatest needs at both the NCAA Division I and Division III levels, and men’s sports were generally believed to have greater needs.

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Diversity Training in Intercollegiate Athletics

Journal of Sport Management ◽

10.1123/jsm.26.5.391 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 391-403 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

George B. Cunningham

Keyword(s):

Intercollegiate Athletics ◽

Ncaa Division I ◽

Transfer Of Training ◽

Diversity Training ◽

Gender Diversity ◽

Division I ◽

Athletic Departments ◽

Division Iii ◽

Future Directions ◽

Different Cultures

The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence, antecedents, and outcomes of diversity training in intercollegiate athletics. Data were collected from senior level administrators and aggregated to the department level for NCAA Division I (n= 239), Division II (n= 205), and Division III (n= 231) athletic departments. Only 53% of the athletic departments offered training. Logistic regression indicated that gender diversity, sexual orientation diversity, divisional affiliation, and the presence of a proactive diversity culture were all predictive of whether the department offered training. Additional analysis indicated that sensitivity to individual needs and understanding different cultures were the topics most covered in the training. Finally, the motivation for training (either compliance- or effectiveness-based) and the degree to which the training was systematically integrated were predictive of transfer of training, with the latter variable holding the strongest association. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.

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Not Going Pro: On Seeking Lasting Returns from College Sports

Journal of Amateur Sport ◽

10.17161/jas.v2i1.5017 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 188 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Matthew Horner ◽

Neal Ternes ◽

Christopher McLeod

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Ncaa Division I ◽

Capital Investment ◽

Student Athletes ◽

Sport Participation ◽

National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽

Collegiate Athletics ◽

Division I ◽

Personal Investment

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) clearly states there are many favorable qualities derived from participation that benefit those “who go pro in something other than sports.” However, the ability of collegiate athletics to deliver on the promise of attributable long-term vocational value is rarely questioned. Instead, student-athletes are encouraged to think of their participation as a personal investment with enduring rewards for the investor. In this study involving former NCAA Division I student-athletes, the authors examined whether participation can be regarded as an investment and how student-athletes perceive the returns thus derived. Extending Becker’s (1962) theory of human capital investment to sport participation, the authors probed participants’ experiences for evidence of investment thinking and lasting benefits in corporeal, economic, social, and cultural varieties. The findings support the notion that participation in collegiate athletics can be broadly defined as an investment, but not in accordance with the long-term utility maximizing rationale described by neoclassical economists. Furthermore, the high cost of participation, inherent uncertainty, and unreliable information confound the athlete’s decision-making and blur the distinction between consumption in the present and investing for the future.

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Applications: Rating College Passers

Mathematics Teacher ◽

10.5951/mt.74.6.0451 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 74 (6) ◽

pp. 451-452

Author(s):

William D. Jamski

Keyword(s):

Intercollegiate Athletics ◽

Ncaa Division I ◽

National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽

Statistical Data ◽

College Football ◽

Division I ◽

Governing Body

In 1980 there were many good passers in college football, but how would you rate them? The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the major governing body for intercollegiate athletics, proceeds by maintaining statistical data on the performance of the passers in a number of categories. This information provides the bases for making objective comparisons among the passers. For example, in table 1, the four leading passers for NCAA Division I (major college football) in 1980 are listed alphabetically with their respective passing statistics. From these data, differences in the performance of the passers can be noted.

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An Assessment of the Perception of Management and Leadership Skills by Intercollegiate Athletics Conference Commissioners

Journal of Sport Management ◽

10.1123/jsm.12.2.146 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 146-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Jerome Quarterman

Keyword(s):

Intercollegiate Athletics ◽

Ncaa Division I ◽

Survey Design ◽

Leadership Skills ◽

Division I ◽

Athletic Administrators ◽

Intercollegiate Athletic ◽

Brain Hemisphere ◽

Descriptive Survey ◽

Management And Leadership

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the perceptions of intercollegiate athletics conference commissioners regarding skills associated with management and leadership. A descriptive survey design was used to collect the data. The study showed that commissioners (N = 75) of NCAA Division I, II, and III conferences rated skills associated with management higher than those associated with leadership (f[l,69] = 5.109, p = .0001). Based on a 5-point Likert scale, the survey concluded: (a) Overall mean rates for management (M = 3.61, SD = .680) were higher than for leadership (M = 3.28, SD = .636), and (b) mean rates for both management and leadership were above average (M = 3.00). Serendipitously, the skills of management and leadership were discovered to be associated with brain hemisphere and whole brain thinking. The investigation's findings may serve as a guide for further research on management and leadership of intercollegiate athletic administrators.

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