<p>Jupiter's upper atmosphere is significantly hotter than expected based on the amount of solar heating it receives. This temperature discrepency is known as the 'energy crisis' due to it's nearly 50-year duration and the fact it also occurs at Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. At Jupiter, magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling gives rise to intense auroral emissions and enormous energy deposition in the magnetic polar regions, so it was presumed long ago that redistribution of this energy could heat the rest of the planet. However, most global circulation models have difficulty redistributing auroral energy globally due to the strong Coriolis forces and ion drag on this rapidly rotating planet. Consequently, other possible heat sources have continued to be studied, such as heating by gravity and acoustic waves emanating from the lower atmosphere. Each global heating mechanism would imprint a unique signature on global temperature gradients, thus revealing the dominant heat source, but these gradients have not been determined due a lack of planet-wide, high-resolution data. The last global map of Jovian upper-atmospheric temperatures was produced using ground-based data taken in 1993, in which the region between 45<sup>o</sup> latitude (north & south) and the poles was represented by just 2 pixels. As a result, those maps did not (or could not) show a clear temperature gradient, and furthermore, they even showed regions of hot atmosphere near the equator, supporting the idea of an equatorial heat source, e.g. gravity and/or acoustic wave heating. Therefore observationally and from a modeling perspective, a concensus has not been reached to date. Here we report new infrared spectroscopy of Jupiter's major upper-atmospheric ion H<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>, with a spatial resolution of 2<sup>o</sup> longitude and latitude extending from pole to equator, capable of tracing the global temperature gradients. We find that temperatures decrease steadily from the auroral polar regions to the equator. Further, during a period of enhanced activity possibly driven by a solar wind compression, a high-temperature planetary-scale structure was observed which may be propagating from the aurora. These observations indicate that Jupiter's upper atmosphere is predominantly heated via the redistribution of auroral energy, and therefore that Coriolis forces and ion drag are observably overcome.</p>
Titan's exosphere and its interaction with Saturn's magnetosphere
