scholarly journals In Vitro Characterization of the Carbohydrate-Binding Agents HHA, GNA and UDA as Inhibitors of Influenza a and B Virus Replication

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelien Vanderlinden ◽  
Nathalie Van Winkel ◽  
Lieve Naesens ◽  
Els J. M. Van Damme ◽  
Leentje Persoons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
H3n2 Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Carbohydrate Binding ◽  
Membrane Glycoproteins ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Binding Agents ◽  
Continuous Presence

Here, we report on the anti-influenza virus activity of the mannose-binding agents, Hippeastrum hybrid agglutinin (HHA) and Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA), and the (N-acetylglucosamine)n-specific Urtica dioica agglutinin (UDA). These carbohydrate-binding agents (CBA) strongly inhibited various influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2) and B viruses in vitro, with EC50 values ranging from 0.016 to 83 nM, generating selectivity indexes up to 125,000. Somewhat less activity was observed against the A/PR/8/34 and an A(H1N1)pdm09 strain. In time-of-addition experiments, these CBA lost their inhibitory activity when added 30 min p.i. Interference with virus entry processes was also evident from strong inhibition of virus-induced hemolysis at low pH. However, a direct effect on acid-induced refolding of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) was excluded by the tryptic digestion assay. Instead, HHA treatment of HA-expressing cells led to a significant reduction of plasma membrane mobility. Crosslinking of membrane glycoproteins, through interaction with HA, could also explain the inhibitory effect on the release of newly formed virions when HHA was added at 6 h p.i. These CBA presumably interact with one or more N-glycans on the globular head of HA, since their absence led to reduced activity against mutant influenza B viruses and HHA-resistant A(H1N1) viruses. The latter condition only emerged after 33 cell culture passages in the continuous presence of HHA, and the A(H3N2) virus even retained full sensitivity after 50 passages. Thus, these CBA qualify as potent inhibitors of influenza A and B viruses in vitro with a pleiotropic mechanism of action and a high barrier for viral resistance.

Dual and Triple Infections With Influenza A and B Viruses: A Case-Control Study in Southern Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 220 (6) ◽  
pp. 961-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Schäffer Gregianini ◽  
Ivana R Santos Varella ◽  
Patricia Fisch ◽  
Letícia Garay Martins ◽  
Ana B G Veiga
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
H3n2 Virus ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Influenza A H1n1

Abstract Influenza surveillance is important for disease control and should consider possible coinfection with different viruses, which can be associated with disease severity. This study analyzed 34 459 patients with respiratory infection from 2009 to 2018, of whom 8011 were positive for influenza A virus (IAV) or influenza B virus (IBV). We found 18 cases of dual influenza virus infection, including coinfection with 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus (A[H1N1]pdm09) and influenza A(H3N2) virus (1 case), A(H1N1)pdm09 and IBV (6 cases), A(H3N2) and IBV (8 cases), and nonsubtyped IAV and IBV (3 cases); and 1 case of triple infection with A(H3N2), A(H1N1)pdm09, and IBV. Compared with 76 monoinfected patients, coinfection was significantly associated with cardiopathy and death. Besides demographic characteristics and clinical symptoms, we assessed vaccination status, antiviral treatment, timeliness of antiviral use, hospitalization, and intensive care unit admission, but no significant differences were found between coinfected and monoinfected cases. Our findings indicate that influenza virus coinfection occurs more often than previously reported and that it can lead to a worse disease outcome.

scholarly journals Transmissibility of influenza during the 21st-century epidemics, Spain, influenza seasons 2001/02 to 2017/18

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidia Redondo-Bravo ◽  
Concepción Delgado-Sanz ◽  
Jesús Oliva ◽  
Tomás Vega ◽  
Jose Lozano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
H3n2 Virus ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Intensity Level ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Epidemic Period ◽  
System Data

Background Understanding influenza seasonality is necessary for determining policies for influenza control. Aim We characterised transmissibility during seasonal influenza epidemics, including one influenza pandemic, in Spain during the 21th century by using the moving epidemic method (MEM) to calculate intensity levels and estimate differences across seasons and age groups. Methods We applied the MEM to Spanish Influenza Sentinel Surveillance System data from influenza seasons 2001/02 to 2017/18. A modified version of Goldstein’s proxy was used as an epidemiological-virological parameter. We calculated the average starting week and peak, the length of the epidemic period and the length from the starting week to the peak of the epidemic, by age group and according to seasonal virus circulation. Results Individuals under 15 years of age presented higher transmissibility, especially in the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic. Seasons with dominance/co-dominance of influenza A(H3N2) virus presented high intensities in older adults. The 2004/05 influenza season showed the highest influenza-intensity level for all age groups. In 12 seasons, the epidemic started between week 50 and week 3. Epidemics started earlier in individuals under 15 years of age (−1.8 weeks; 95% confidence interval (CI):−2.8 to −0.7) than in those over 64 years when influenza B virus circulated as dominant/co-dominant. The average time from start to peak was 4.3 weeks (95% CI: 3.6–5.0) and the average epidemic length was 8.7 weeks (95% CI: 7.9–9.6). Conclusions These findings provide evidence for intensity differences across seasons and age groups, and can be used guide public health actions to diminish influenza-related morbidity and mortality.

Population immunity for influenza in population of Sverdlovsk Region in epidemic season of 2018–2019

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-28
Author(s):  
I. A. Malchikov ◽  
A. V. Slobodenyuk ◽  
I. V. Vyalykh ◽  
A. Yu. Markaran ◽  
Yu. V. Grigorieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
H3n2 Virus ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Epidemic Season ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Epidemic Period

Donor blood serum was tested to detect antibodies against circulating influenza viruses. The titer of specific antibodies was determined in the hemagglutination inhibition test (RTGA) against influenza viruses A/California/07/09(H1N1) pdm09, A/HongKong/4801/14(H3N2) and B/Brisben/46/15. In the pre-epidemic period 2018–2019, the immune layer of people with conditionally protective titers of antiviral antibodies was detected in terms of the lowest to A(H3N2) virus (50.0 %), the highest to influenza B (85.4 %). In the post-epidemic season of 2018–2019, the immune layer to influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 virus did not change significantly, which could indicate the preservation of the activity of this virus in the adult population; an increase in the immune layer of individuals with protective titers of antibodies to influenza A(H3N2) – 67.4 % and a decrease in influenza B virus – 49.2 %. A comparison of the results of laboratory data carried out in the pre- and post-epidemic seasons revealed significant differences in the number of people with average antibody titers against influenza A(H3N2) and B viruses (p < 0.05).

scholarly journals Analysis of influenza A virus reinfection in children in Japan during 1983–91

1995 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Nakajima ◽  
F. Nishikawa ◽  
K. Nakamura ◽  
K. Nakajima
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Antigenic Drift ◽  
H3n2 Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Influenza H3n2

SummaryThe epidemiology of influenza A in Japan was studied during 1979–91 and viruses isolated from reinfections during 1983–91 were analysed, Of 2963 influenza viruses isolated during this period, 922 and 1006 were influenza A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) viruses respectively; the others were influenza B viruses. Influenza A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) caused 5 and 6 epidemics respectively, most accompanied by antigenic drift. Seventeen reinfections with H1N1 and 17 with H3N2 were detected during our study. The primary and reinfection strains isolated from 7 H1N1 and 10 H3N2 cases were studied by haemagglutination-inhibition, and amino acid and nucleotide sequences of the HA1 region of the haemagglutinin. Most of the primary and reinfection strains were antigenically and genetically similar to the epidemic viruses circulating at that time. However, in 4 out of 10 cases of reinfection with influenza H3N2 virus, reinfection strains were genetically different from the epidemic viruses.

In vitro inhibitory effect of carrageenan oligosaccharide on influenza A H1N1 virus

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Wang ◽  
Pan Zhang ◽  
Cui Hao ◽  
Xian-En Zhang ◽  
Zong-Qiang Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
H1n1 Virus ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Influenza A H1n1

scholarly journals INFLUENZA A AND B VIRUSES CIRCULATING IN THE TERRITORY OF SOUTHERN KAZAKHSTAN DURING 2020-2021 EPIDEMIC PERIOD

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
С.Б. БАЙСЕЙIТ ◽  
А.М. БАЙМУХАМЕТОВА ◽  
Г.В. ЛУКМАНОВА ◽  
Н.Т. САКТАГАНОВ ◽  
Д.А. ИСМАГУЛОВА ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
H3n2 Virus ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Inhibition Assay ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Virus Rna ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Epidemic Period

В статье показаны результаты мониторинга циркуляции разных серотипов вируса гриппа на территории южного Казахстана в эпидемический период 2020-2021 гг. С этой целью в период с декабря 2020 г. по февраль 2021 г. в лечебных учреждениях различных регионов южного Казахстана от больных людей получено 370 носоглоточных смывов. При скрининге образцов в полимеразной цепной реакции в режиме реального времени обнаружен генетический материал как вируса гриппа А (8,11% случаев), так и вируса гриппа В (5,14%). При субтипировании образцов, положительных на грипп типа А, РНК вируса гриппа A/H1N1/pdm выявлена в 2,97% проб, A/H3N2 – в 3,51%. В результате последовательных пассажей биопроб на куриных эмбрионах выделено три гемагглютинирующих агента, идентифицированных в реакции торможения гемагглютинации и реакции ингибиции нейраминидазной активности как вирусы гриппа А/H1N1pdm, А/H3N2 и типа В. This paper demonstrates the results of monitoring the circulation of different serotypes of influenza virus in the territory of the southern Kazakhstan during the 2020-2021 epidemic period. For this purpose, 370 nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained from patients in healthcare facilities located in various regions of the southern Kazakhstan during the period from December 2020 to February 2021. Screening of samples in real-time polymerase chain reaction has revealed genetic material of both influenza A virus (8.11% of cases) and influenza B virus (5.14%). When subtyping samples positive for influenza type A, the influenza A/H1N1/pdm virus RNA have been detected in 2.97% of samples, while that from the A/H3N2 virus in 3.51%. As a result of successive passages of biosamples in chicken embryos, three hemagglutinating agents have been isolated and identified in the hemagglutination inhibition assay and the neuraminidase inhibition assay as influenza A/H1N1pdm, A/H3N2, and type B viruses.

scholarly journals Laboratory based Influenza sentinel surveillance in Pakistan At NIC, Islamabad 2007-2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
F Bashir ◽  
K Fawad Khan ◽  
S Zafar Qureshi ◽  
F Khaudaidad ◽  
R Sonia
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Sentinel Surveillance ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
H3n2 Virus ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Pandemic Preparedness ◽  
Influenza A H1n1

Abstract Background A country-wide lab-based surveillance system for ILI and Severe Acute Respiratory Illness (SARI) with weekly sampling and reporting was established in 2008.This system was necessary for early detection of emerging novel influenza subtypes and timely response for influenza prevention and control. Objectives To assess the trends of Influenza-like-Illness(ILI) and to monitor the predominant circulating strains of influenza viruses through Lab based sentinel surveillance. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted based on ten years (2007-2017) influenza surveillance data obtained from National Influenza Central Laboratory Pakistan (NICLP) from January to March 2018.Study was done from the data records and samples of suspected ILI patients and SARI patients received from all seven sentinel sites. An ILI case was defined as sudden onset of fever of ≥ 38 C° and cough, with onset within last 10 days, while patients with sudden onset of fever (&gt;38 °C), cough/sore throat requiring hospital admission within 7 days were termed as SARI. Samples were tested at NICLP for confirmation of virus, typing and subtyping by RT-PCR. Results A total of 15885 samples were analyzed during ten years period, out of which 3475(21.9%) were found positive for influenza virus. Among positive samples 26(0.75%) were Influenza-A (H1N1), 550(38%) were A/H3N1,550(15.9%) were A/H3N1,1587(45.7%) were A/H1N1 pdm09and 1312(37.8%) were influenza B. Males were predominant(54%).Influenza Maximum cases were reported from age group 01-&gt;12 years(66%).Virus circulation was detected throughout the year along with few cases of seasonal A/H1N1 virus during late winter(January February) and spring(March). Influenza A/H3N2 virus circulation was mainly observed during summer months (August-October). Conclusions The findings of this study emphasize the need for continuous and comprehensive influenza surveillance to predict seasonal trends for vaccine development and to further fortify pandemic preparedness. Key messages The need for continuous and comprehensive influenza surveillance. Public health importance by pandemic preparedness.

scholarly journals Multicenter Evaluation of the QIAstat-Dx Respiratory Panel for Detection of Viruses and Bacteria in Nasopharyngeal Swab Specimens

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L. Leber ◽  
Jan Gorm Lisby ◽  
Glen Hansen ◽  
Ryan F. Relich ◽  
Uffe Vest Schneider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Parainfluenza Virus ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Percent Agreement ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Syncytial Virus

ABSTRACT The QIAstat-Dx Respiratory Panel (QIAstat-Dx RP) is a multiplex in vitro diagnostic test for the qualitative detection of 20 pathogens directly from nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) specimens. The assay is performed using a simple sample-to-answer platform with results available in approximately 69 min. The pathogens identified are adenovirus, coronavirus 229E, coronavirus HKU1, coronavirus NL63, coronavirus OC43, human metapneumovirus A and B, influenza A, influenza A H1, influenza A H3, influenza A H1N1/2009, influenza B, parainfluenza virus 1, parainfluenza virus 2, parainfluenza virus 3, parainfluenza virus 4, rhinovirus/enterovirus, respiratory syncytial virus A and B, Bordetella pertussis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. This multicenter evaluation provides data obtained from 1,994 prospectively collected and 310 retrospectively collected (archived) NPS specimens with performance compared to that of the BioFire FilmArray Respiratory Panel, version 1.7. The overall percent agreement between QIAstat-Dx RP and the comparator testing was 99.5%. In the prospective cohort, the QIAstat-Dx RP demonstrated a positive percent agreement of 94.0% or greater for the detection of all but four analytes: coronaviruses 229E, NL63, and OC43 and rhinovirus/enterovirus. The test also demonstrated a negative percent agreement of ≥97.9% for all analytes. The QIAstat-Dx RP is a robust and accurate assay for rapid, comprehensive testing for respiratory pathogens.

scholarly journals Influenza: An Emerging and Re-emerging Public Health Threat in Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Bishnu Prasad Upadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
New Variant ◽  
Seasonal Epidemics

Influenza virus type A and B are responsible for seasonal epidemics as well as pandemics in human. Influenza A viruses are further divided into two major groups namely, low pathogenic seasonal influenza (A/H1N1, A/H1N1 pdm09, A/H3N2) and highly pathogenic influenza virus (H5N1, H5N6, H7N9) on the basis of two surface antigens: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Mutations, including substitutions, deletions, and insertions, are one of the most important mechanisms for producing new variant of influenza viruses. During the last 30 years; more than 50 viral threat has been evolved in South-East Asian countriesof them influenza is one of the major emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases of global concern. Similar to tropical and sub-tropical countries of Southeast Asia; circulation of A/H1N1 pdm09, A/H3N2 and influenza B has been circulating throughout the year with the peak during July-November in Nepal. However; the rate of infection transmission reach peak during the post-rain and winter season of Nepal.

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