sentinel surveillance
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Diagnostics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 162
Author(s):  
Sebastian Vogel ◽  
Ulrich von Both ◽  
Elisabeth Nowak ◽  
Janina Ludwig ◽  
Alexandra Köhler ◽  
...  

Representative, actively collected surveillance data on asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in primary schoolchildren remain scarce. We evaluated the feasibility of a saliva mass screening concept and assessed infectious activity in primary schools. During a 10-week period from 3 March to 21 May 2021, schoolchildren and staff from 17 primary schools in Munich participated in the sentinel surveillance, cohort study. Participants were tested using the Salivette® system, testing was supervised by trained school staff, and samples were processed via reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). We included 4433 participants: 3752 children (median age, 8 [range, 6–13] years; 1926 girls [51%]) and 681 staff members (median age, 41 [range, 14–71] years; 592 women [87%]). In total, 23,905 samples were processed (4640 from staff), with participants representing 8.3% of all primary schoolchildren in Munich. Only eight cases were detected: Five out of 3752 participating children (0.13%) and three out of 681 staff members (0.44%). There were no secondary cases. In conclusion, supervised Salivette® self-sampling was feasible, reliable, and safe and thus constituted an ideal method for SARS-CoV-2 mass screenings in primary schoolchildren. Our findings suggest that infectious activity among asymptomatic primary schoolchildren and staff was low. Primary schools appear to continue to play a minor role in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 despite high community incidence rates.


2022 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail L. Sondermeyer Cooksey ◽  
Christina Morales ◽  
Lauren Linde ◽  
Samuel Schildhauer ◽  
Hugo Guevara ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
pp. 095646242110549
Author(s):  
Subrata Biswas ◽  
Piyali Ghosh ◽  
Falguni Debnath ◽  
Debjit Chakraborty ◽  
Malay Kumar Saha ◽  
...  

Background Despite relatively simple prevention and treatment, syphilis remains a major social and public health concern worldwide, particularly in developing nations. Objective To estimate the prevalence and to determine the sociodemographic factors associated with syphilis infection among antenatal-care (ANC) attendees in Meghalaya, India. Materials and Method A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted utilizing National HIV Sentinel Surveillance of Meghalaya, January–March 2017. Pregnant women aged 15–49 years ( n = 3015) were recruited consecutively, interviewed, and tested for syphilis by Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test in eight selected ANC sites representing all districts of Meghalaya. Results Prevalence of syphilis was found to be 1.03 % (95% CI = 0.67–1.39) (31/3015). Prevalence was maximum among illiterates with gradual lowering of adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with improvement of education. Women whose husbands had no income were associated with higher risk (AOR = 4.97, 95% CI = 1.11–22.20) of syphilis. Significant risk (OR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.02–5.74) was also observed with Jaintia Hills residents as compared to Garo Hills. Conclusions As high prevalence of gestational syphilis was identified in Meghalaya along with important sociodemographic predictors, evidence to policy translation is required at state and national level to scale up prevention, screening, and management of syphilis


Author(s):  
Sergio Isaac De La Cruz Hernández

Abstract The number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and deaths registered in Mexico during 2020 could be underestimated, due to the sentinel surveillance adopted in this country. Some consequences of following this type of epidemiological surveillance were the high case fatality rate and the high positivity rate for COVID-19 shown in Mexico in 2020. During this year, the Mexican Ministry of Health only considered cases from the public health system, which followed this sentinel surveillance, but did not consider those cases from the private health system. To better understand this pandemic, it is important to include all the results obtained by all the institutions capable of testing for COVID-19, thus the Mexican Government could make good decisions to protect the population from this disease.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Dewhurst ◽  
Tatjana Heinrich ◽  
Paul Watt ◽  
Paul Ostergaard ◽  
Jose Maria Marimon ◽  
...  

Without any realistic prospect of comprehensive global vaccine coverage and lasting immunity, control of pandemics such as COVID-19 will require implementation of large scale, rapid identification and isolation of infectious individuals to limit further transmission. Here, we describe an automated, high-throughput testing instrument, designed for population-scale testing for SARS-CoV-2 RNA within 25 minutes from inactivated saliva to result, and capable of reporting 3,840 results per hour. This integrated screening platform incorporates continuous flow loading of samples at random intervals to cost-effectively adjust for fluctuations in testing demand. Protecting vulnerable populations during global pandemics requires rapid and sensitive infection surveillance of asymptomatic carriers. This Sentinel surveillance system offers a feasible and scalable approach to complement vaccination, to curb the spread of COVID-19 variants and future pandemics to save lives.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S665-S665
Author(s):  
German Camacho Moreno ◽  
Carolina Duarte Valderrama ◽  
Jacqueline Palacios ◽  
Luz Angela Calvo ◽  
Ivy Talavera ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of hospitalization and death in children under 5y. The main causes of bacterial pneumonia (BP) are Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) and Haemophilus influenzae (Hi). Colombia implemented the Hib vaccine in 1997 with a 3 + 0 scheme and the PCV10 vaccine in 2012, using a 2 + 1 scheme. Sentinel surveillance of BP is carried out at HOMI - Fundación Hospital Pediátrico La Misericordia, which is part of the invasive bacterial vaccine preventable disease surveillance network. Methods A daily active search for cases that met the definitions established in the protocol of the Pan American Health Organization was carried out. All hospitalized patients under 5 years of age with a diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia (ICD10 J10 to J22) were classified as suspected cases, while all suspected cases in which chest X-ray showed a radiological pattern compatible with bacterial pneumonia were considered a probable case. Blood cultures were taken from probable cases; if results were positive (Spn, Hi), the samples were sent to the district and national reference laboratories for confirmation and serotyping. The data obtained in the period January 2016 to December 2020 were analyzed. Results 5272 suspected cases of bacterial pneumonia were found, of which 60% were < 2 y. The highest incidence occurred from March to June (Figure 1). Blood cultures were performed in 2223 (92%) of the 2432 (46.1%) probable cases, confirming 127 (5.2%) cases. Spn, Hi, and other bacteria were found in 55, 27, and 28 cases, respectively (Table 1). Serotyping was performed in 85.4% of the Spn isolates and 77.7% of Hi isolates. The most frequent Spn serotypes were Spn19A in 19 cases (40.4%), Spn3 in 12 cases (25.5%), and Spn14 in 4 cases (8.5%). The presence of Spn19A has increased over time (Figure 2). The most frequent Hi was non-typeable in 13 patients (61.9%), followed by serotype b 6 (28.5%) and serotype a 2 (9.5%). The rate of hospitalization for BP was 9/1000 children < 5 years, and 43 patients died. Case fatality rate was 1.7% among probable cases. Graph 1. Trend of suspected bacterial pneumonia cases in children under 5 years old. HOMI. 2016-2020 Table 1. Bacterial pneumonia isolates. HOMI. 2016 - 2020 Graph 2. Bacterial pneumonia serotypes. HOMI. January 2016 - December 2020 Conclusion BP mainly occurs in 2-year-old children. Spn 19A is the most common bacteria. Although the most frequent Hi is non-typeable, cases of Hib are still observed. Sentinel surveillance allows measuring the impact of public health interventions on this disease. Disclosures German Camacho Moreno, n/a, Pfizer and MSD (Research Grant or Support, Speaker’s Bureau, Other Financial or Material Support, Has received support from Pfizer for participation in congresses)


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Kuzmanovska ◽  
Golubinka Boshevska ◽  
Elizabeta Janchevska ◽  
Teodora Buzharova ◽  
Milica Simova ◽  
...  

Influenza viruses know no boundaries, representing an example of rapid virus evolution combined with pressure exerted by the host’s immune system. Seasonal influenza causes 4–50 million symptomatic cases in the EU/EEA each year, with a global death toll reaching 650,000 deaths. That being the case, in 2014 North Macedonia introduced the sentinel surveillance in addition to the existing influenza surveillance in order to obtain more precise data on the burden of disease, circulating viruses and to implement timely preventive measures. The aims of this study were to give a comprehensive virological and epidemiological overview of four influenza seasons (2016–2020), assess the frequency and distribution of influenza circulating in North Macedonia and to carry out molecular and phylogenetic analyses of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) from ILI and SARI patients. Our results showed that out of 1,632 tested samples, 46.4% were influenza positive, with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 accounting for the majority of cases (44%), followed by influenza B (32%) and A(H3N2) (17%). By comparing the sentinel surveillance system to the routine surveillance system, we showed that the newly applied system works efficiently and gives great results in the selection of cases. Statistically significant differences (p = < 0.0000001) were observed when comparing the number of reported ILI cases among patients aged 0–4, 5–14, 15–29, and 30–64 years to the reference age group. The phylogenetic analysis of the HA sequences unveiled the resemblance of mutations circulating seasonally worldwide, with a vast majority of circulating viruses belonging to subclade 6B.1A. The PROVEAN analysis showed that the D187A substitution in the receptor binding site (RBS) of the A(H1N1)pdm09 HA has a deleterious effect on the its function. The A(H3N2) viruses fell into the 3C.2a and 3C.3a throughout the analyzed seasons. Molecular characterization revealed that various substitutions in the A(H3N2) viruses gradually replaced the parental variant in subsequent seasons before becoming the dominant variant. With the introduction of sentinel surveillance, accompanied by the advances made in whole-genome sequencing and vaccine therapeutics, public health officials can now modify their approach in disease management and intervene effectively and in a timely manner to prevent major morbidity and mortality from influenza.


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