ABSTRACT
We have previously described a novel class of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors, the pyrrolobenzoxazepinone (PBO) and the pyridopyrrolooxazepinone (PPO) derivatives, which were effective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RT, either wild type or carrying known drug resistance mutations (G. Campiani et al., J. Med. Chem. 42:4462-4470, 1999). The lead compound of the PPO class, (R)-(−)-PPO464, was shown to selectively target the ternary complex formed by the viral RT with its substrates nucleic acid and nucleotide (G. Maga et al., J. Biol. Chem. 276:44653-44662, 2001). In order to better understand the structural basis for this selectivity, we exploited some PBO analogs characterized by various substituents at C-3 and by different inhibition potencies and drug resistance profiles, and we studied their interaction with HIV-1 RT wild type or carrying the drug resistance mutations L100I and V106A. Our kinetic and thermodynamic analyses showed that the formation of the complex between the enzyme and the nucleotide increased the inhibition potency of the compound PBO354 and shifted the free energy (energy of activation, ΔG#) for inhibitor binding toward more negative values. The V106A mutation conferred resistance to PBO 354 by increasing its dissociation rate from the enzyme, whereas the L100I mutation mainly decreased the association rate. This latter mutation also caused a severe reduction in the catalytic efficiency of the RT. These results provide a correlation between the efficiency of nucleotide utilization by RT and its resistance to PBO inhibition.
Antiviral drug resistance mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase occur in specific RNA structural regions.
