scholarly journals Polio and Measles Down the Drain: Environmental Enterovirus Surveillance in the Netherlands, 2005 to 2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberley S. M. Benschop ◽  
Harrie G. van der Avoort ◽  
Edin Jusic ◽  
Harry Vennema ◽  
Rob van Binnendijk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Oral Poliovirus Vaccine ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Virus Rna ◽  
Measles Outbreak

ABSTRACT Polioviruses (PVs) are members of the genus Enterovirus. In the Netherlands, the exclusion of PV circulation is based on clinical enterovirus (EV) surveillance (CEVS) of EV-positive cases and routine environmental EV surveillance (EEVS) conducted on sewage samples collected in the region of the Netherlands where vaccination coverage is low due to religious reasons. We compared the EEVS data to those of the CEVS to gain insight into the relevance of EEVS for poliovirus and nonpolio enterovirus surveillance. Following the polio outbreak in Syria, EEVS was performed at the primary refugee center in Ter Apel in the Netherlands, and data were compared to those of CEVS and EEVS. Furthermore, we assessed the feasibility of poliovirus detection by EEVS using measles virus detection in sewage during a measles outbreak as a proxy. Two Sabin-like PVs were found in routine EEVS, 11 Sabin-like PVs were detected in the CEVS, and one Sabin-like PV was found in the Ter Apel sewage. We observed significant differences between the three programs regarding which EVs were found. In 6 sewage samples collected during the measles outbreak in 2013, measles virus RNA was detected in regions where measles cases were identified. In conclusion, we detected PVs, nonpolio EVs, and measles virus in sewage and showed that environmental surveillance is useful for poliovirus detection in the Netherlands, where live oral poliovirus vaccine is not used and communities with lower vaccination coverage exist. EEVS led to the detection of EV types not seen in the CEVS, showing that EEVS is complementary to CEVS. IMPORTANCE We show that environmental enterovirus surveillance complements clinical enterovirus surveillance for poliovirus detection, or exclusion, and for nonpolio enterovirus surveillance. Even in the presence of adequate surveillance, only a very limited number of Sabin-like poliovirus strains were detected in a 10-year period, and no signs of transmission of oral polio vaccine (OPV) strains were found in a country using exclusively inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). Measles viruses can be detected during an outbreak in sewage samples collected and concentrated following procedures used for environmental enterovirus surveillance.

scholarly journals The tip of the iceberg: incompleteness of measles reporting during a large outbreak in The Netherlands in 2013–2014

2018 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Woudenberg ◽  
F. Woonink ◽  
J. Kerkhof ◽  
K. Cox ◽  
W.L.M. Ruijs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
National Level ◽  
Notifiable Disease ◽  
National Register ◽  
Notifiable Diseases ◽  
Measles Outbreak ◽  
Large Outbreak ◽  
Completeness Of Reporting

AbstractMeasles is a notifiable disease, but not everyone infected seeks care, nor is every consultation reported. We estimated the completeness of reporting during a measles outbreak in The Netherlands in 2013–2014. Children below 15 years of age in a low vaccination coverage community (n= 3422) received a questionnaire to identify measles cases. Cases found in the survey were matched with the register of notifiable diseases to estimate the completeness of reporting. Second, completeness of reporting was assessed by comparing the number of susceptible individuals prior to the outbreak with the number of reported cases in the surveyed community and on a national level.We found 307 (15%) self-identified measles cases among 2077 returned questionnaires (61%), of which 27 could be matched to a case reported to the national register; completeness of reporting was 8.8%. Based on the number of susceptible individuals and number of reported cases in the surveyed community and on national level, the completeness of reporting was estimated to be 9.1% and 8.6%, respectively. Estimating the completeness of reporting gave almost identical estimates, which lends support to the credibility and validity of both approaches. The size of the 2013–2014 outbreak approximated 31 400 measles infections.

scholarly journals Characterization of Household and Community Shedding and Transmission of Oral Polio Vaccine in Mexican Communities With Varying Vaccination Coverage

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S4-S17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Altamirano ◽  
Natasha Purington ◽  
Rasika Behl ◽  
Clea Sarnquist ◽  
Marisa Holubar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccine

scholarly journals Measles outbreak linked to a minority group in Austria, 2008

2009 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. SCHMID ◽  
H. HOLZMANN ◽  
K. SCHWARZ ◽  
S. KASPER ◽  
H-W. KUO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Outbreak Strain ◽  
School Based ◽  
Measles Outbreak ◽  
Source Case ◽  
2010 Target

SUMMARYWe report on a measles outbreak originating in an anthroposophic community in Austria, 2008. A total of 394 (94·9%) cases fulfilled the outbreak case definition including 168 cases affiliated to the anthroposophic community. The source case was a school pupil from Switzerland. The Austrian outbreak strain was genotype D5, indistinguishable from the Swiss outbreak strain. A school-based retrospective cohort study in the anthroposophic school demonstrated a vaccine effectiveness of 97·3% in pupils who had received a single dose of measles-containing vaccine and 100% in those who had received two doses. The vaccination coverage of the cases in the anthroposophic community was 0·6%. Of the 226 outbreak cases not belonging to the anthroposophic community, the 10–24 years age group was the most affected. Our findings underline the epidemiological significance of suboptimal vaccination coverage in anthroposophic communities and in older age groups of the general population in facilitating measles virus circulation. The findings of this outbreak investigation suggest that the WHO European Region is unlikely to achieve its 2010 target for measles and rubella elimination.

scholarly journals Measles Outbreak in Sverdlovsk Region

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. V. Skryabina ◽  
S. A. Kovyazina ◽  
S. V. Kuzmin ◽  
A. I. Yurovskikh ◽  
O. V. Tsvirkun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Late Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Epidemiological Analysis ◽  
Measles Outbreak ◽  
Measles Vaccination

Objective.In the Russian Federation on the background of the sporadic incidence of measles, the trend is not highly uniform distribution of morbidity on territories of the country with  the formation of local outbreaks, including the result of nosocomial  infection. Find out the causes of the outbreak, for example the  territory, for 15 years keeping and epidemic well-being in relation to  measles, high vaccination coverage in children and adults, to assess  the capacity of health care organizations and epidemiology to  prevent the spread of measles and the elimination of flash was the goal of this research.Material and methods. A retrospective epidemiological analysis was held: the incidence of measles for the period 2001–2016 in the  Sverdlovskiy region ; 76 «Cards epidemiological case investigation  suspected measles», was from October to December 2016; the  analysis of the extraordinary and final reports of the measles  outbreak, reports on the activities carried out in the outbreak  of  measles. Laboratory verification of cases suspected were examined  the ELISA method in the Perm regional centre, on the basis of  detection of specific IgM and/or IgG increase. Molecular genetic  research of 15 clinical specimens were performed at the Scientific- methodical centre on supervision of measles and rubella  (Gabrichevsky Research Institute by Epidemiology & Microbiology»,  Moscow).Results.During the period c from 40 to 51 week of 2016 measles ill 76 people, mostly (66 persons) residents of the city of  Yekaterinburg. Prevailed among the infected children was 67% (51  persons), usually not vaccinated against this infection – 90% (46) of  children had a measles vaccination. All cases were laboratory  confirmed. Expected sources or place of infection was established in  90.8% of cases. Among cases and 72.4% (55 persons) amounted to  unvaccinated against measles, 11.8 per cent(9 people) were vaccinated once, of 15.8% (12) had a two-fold vaccination. In  8 hospitals was 8 foci of measles, 6 of which had spread. Among the  cases of measles identified in health facilities, 35 children and 19  adults, including 5 health workers and 3 medical students. The  formation of foci of nosocomial infection contributed to missed cases  of measles, late diagnosis, significantly reduce the effectiveness of  anti-epidemic measures. The results of molecular genetic studies of  15 clinical samples of patients selected at 42–44, and 47–49 weeks  possible to establish the circulating strains of measles virus genotype D8. Epidemiological investigations and the common genetic variant  circulating genotypes, selected at different stages of measles spread  from different foci made it possible to combine all cases in one  outbreak. Analysis of clinical manifestations of measles have testified to the fact that measles is proceeded typically in 92.2% of cases.  Eleven drifts infection in educational institutions of Ekaterinburg was not accompanied by the secondary spread, indicating good collective immunity.Conclusion.Thus, a retrospective epidemiological analysis of outbreaks of measles showed that in conditions of sporadic measles in doctors reduced vigilance against measles. Late diagnosis of measles and as a consequence of its failure to carry out anti- epidemic measures led to the spread of infection, as well as skid  measles in other medicine organization, which consisted of  nosocomial foci. The present outbreak showed that measles requires  constant attention, especially during her long absence in the region.  It is only possible to prevent sustained secondary transmission if measles vaccination coverage is high for the entire population.

scholarly journals Environmental Surveillance of Polioviruses in Armenia, Colombia before Trivalent Oral Polio Vaccine Cessation

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 775
Author(s):  
María Mercedes González ◽  
Magile C. Fonseca ◽  
Carlos Andrés Rodríguez ◽  
Alejandra María Giraldo ◽  
José Joaquín Vila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transition Period ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Environmental Surveillance ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Afp Surveillance ◽  
Wastewater Samples

Although acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance is the “gold standard” for detecting cases of polio, environmental surveillance can provide supplementary information in the absence of paralytic poliomyelitis cases. This study aimed to detect the introduction and/or circulation of wild poliovirus or vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV) in wastewater, covering a significant population of Armenia, Colombia, before trivalent oral polio vaccine (OPV) cessation. Between March and September 2015, 24 wastewater samples were collected from eight study sites in eight communes of Armenia, Colombia. Virus detection and characterization were performed using both cell culture (i.e., RD or L20B cells) and RT-PCR. Polioviruses were isolated in 11 (45.8%) of 24 wastewater samples. All isolates were identified as Sabin strains (type 1 = 9, type 3 = 2) by intratypic differentiation. Type 2 poliovirus was not detected in any of the samples. No wild poliovirus or VDPV was detected among the isolates. Non-polio enterovirus was identified in 8.3% (2/24) of the samples. This study revealed the excretion of Sabin poliovirus from OPV-immunized individuals, as well as the absence of VDPV and wild poliovirus in wastewaters of Armenia, Colombia. This confirms that environmental surveillance is an effective method, as an additional support to AFP surveillance, to monitor poliovirus during the OPV-to-IPV (inactivated polio vaccine) transition period.

Moving from oral poliovirus vaccine to inactivated poliovirus vaccine: The rationale and challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazi Zulfiquer Mamun ◽  
Nabeela Mahboob ◽  
Kazi Taib Mamun ◽  
Hasina Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Oral Poliovirus Vaccine ◽  
Routine Immunization ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative

Oral polio vaccine (OPV) has served as the cornerstone of polio eradication efforts over the past 30 years, trivalent inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) has re-ascended to prominence in the past year, now acting as the sole source of protective immunity against type 2 poliovirus in routine immunization programmes. The Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic plan 2013–2018, developed by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) outlines the phased removal of OPVs, starting with type 2 poliovirus–containing vaccines and introduction of inactivated polio vaccine in routine immunization to mitigate against risk of vaccine-associated paralytic polio and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus. Bangladesh J Medicine Jan 2020; 31(1) : 22-28

Absence of Measles Virus Detection from Stapes of Patients with Otosclerosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 158 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
María de Lourdes Flores-García ◽  
Claudia Adriana Colín-Castro ◽  
Mario Sabas Hernández-Palestina ◽  
Roberto Sánchez-Larios ◽  
Rafael Franco-Cendejas
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Tertiary Referral Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Virus Rna ◽  
N 93

Objective To determine molecularly the presence of measles virus genetic material in the stapes of patients with otosclerosis. Study Design A cross-sectional study. Setting A tertiary referral hospital. Subjects and Methods Genetic material was extracted from the stapes of patients with otosclerosis (n = 93) during the period from March 2011 to April 2012. The presence of viral measles sequences was evaluated by the real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The expression of the CD46 gene was determined. Results Ninety-three patients were included in the study. No sample was positive for any of 3 measles virus genes (H, N, and F). Measles virus RNA was not detected in any sample by real-time RT-PCR. CD46 levels were positive in 3.3% (n = 3) and negative in 96.7% (n = 90). Conclusion This study does not support the theory of measles virus as the cause of otosclerosis. It is necessary to do more research about other causal theories to clarify its etiology and prevention.

scholarly journals Cumulative Vaccination Coverage of Measles-and Oral Polio Vaccine Obtained by the Nationwide Survey

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naohide TAKAYAMA ◽  
Hiroshi SAKIYAMA ◽  
Tatsuo MIYAMURA ◽  
Tatsuo KATO
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Polio Vaccine

scholarly journals Age-appropriate vaccination coverage and its determinants in children aged 12-36 months in Nepal: a national and subnational assessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santosh Kumar Rauniyar ◽  
Yoko Iwaki ◽  
Daisuke Yoneoka ◽  
Masahiro Hashizume ◽  
Shuhei Nomura
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Provincial Government ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Random Intercept ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Age Appropriate ◽  
Childhood Vaccines

Abstract Background Vaccination is one of the effective ways to develop immunity against potential life-threatening diseases in children in early age. This study is focused on analysing the age-appropriate vaccination coverage at national and subnational levels and identify the factors associated with age-appropriate coverage in Nepal.Methods 460 children aged 12-36 months were included in the study. The data was obtained from Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2016-17. Age-appropriate coverage of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine (BCG), oral polio vaccine (OPV) doses 1-3, pentavalent vaccine (PE) doses 1-3, and first dose of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) were estimated using Kaplan Meier method. Multilevel logistic regression with random intercept was used to identify the factors associated with age-appropriate vaccination. Results The crude coverage of the vaccines included in the study ranged from 91.5% (95% CI, 88.5-93.7) for PE3 to 97.8% (95.8-98.7) for BCG. Although the crude coverage of all the vaccines was above 90%, the age-appropriate coverage was significantly low, ranging from 41.5% (36.5-46.6) for PE3 to 73.9 % (69.2-78.1) for PE1. Furthermore, high disparity in timely vaccination coverage was observed at regional level. Compared to the age-appropriate vaccination coverage in other provinces, Province 2 had the lowest coverage of all, followed by that in Province 6. The timeliness of vaccination was significantly associated with subnational regions i.e., provinces and the season of childbirth.Conclusion Although the immunization program in Nepal has achieved the target of 90% crude coverage of all the childhood vaccines, the age-appropriate coverage is significantly low which undermines the effectiveness of the vaccines administered. Thus, along with crude coverage, timeliness of the vaccines administered should be taken into consideration and thoroughly monitored at national and subnational levels. Provincial government should formulate tailored strategies to ensure the timely administration of the childhood vaccines.

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