Moving from oral poliovirus vaccine to inactivated poliovirus vaccine: The rationale and challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazi Zulfiquer Mamun ◽  
Nabeela Mahboob ◽  
Kazi Taib Mamun ◽  
Hasina Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Oral Poliovirus Vaccine ◽  
Routine Immunization ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative

Oral polio vaccine (OPV) has served as the cornerstone of polio eradication efforts over the past 30 years, trivalent inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) has re-ascended to prominence in the past year, now acting as the sole source of protective immunity against type 2 poliovirus in routine immunization programmes. The Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic plan 2013–2018, developed by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) outlines the phased removal of OPVs, starting with type 2 poliovirus–containing vaccines and introduction of inactivated polio vaccine in routine immunization to mitigate against risk of vaccine-associated paralytic polio and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus. Bangladesh J Medicine Jan 2020; 31(1) : 22-28

scholarly journals Impact of Maternal Antibody on the Immunogenicity of Inactivated Polio Vaccine in Infants Immunized With Bivalent Oral Polio Vaccine: Implications for the Polio Eradication Endgame

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S57-S65 ◽  
Author(s):  
James T Gaensbauer ◽  
Chris Gast ◽  
Ananda S Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Miguel O’Ryan ◽  
Xavier Saez-Llorens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Maternal Antibody ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccine

scholarly journals Protecting investments in polio eradication: the past, present and future of surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis

2004 ◽  
Vol 132 (5) ◽  
pp. 779-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. HEYMANN ◽  
E. M. DE GOURVILLE ◽  
R. B. AYLWARD
Keyword(s):  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Global Policy ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
The Road ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
The Past ◽  
Consultation Group

In September 2003 a WHO consultation group on vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV) concluded that in order to prevent future generations of paralytic polio after interruption of transmission of wild poliovirus, the use of trivalent oral polio vaccine (OPV) must be stopped [1]. Another important global policy decision along the road to polio eradication thus became possible – cessation of OPV use at some time after eradication. The question now is not whether OPV must be stopped, but rather when.

scholarly journals The Pathology of Poliomyelitis and the Vaccines and Nonvaccine Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 308 ◽  
pp. 02018
Author(s):  
Yushuo Chen ◽  
Tianrui Yue ◽  
Zixiao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
New Type

Poliomyelitis is an exclusively human disease that mainly affects children. Clinical features of poliomyelitis can be varied, from mild illness to the most severe paralysis, and the factor why poliomyelitis has different performances in individuals has been proved strongly correlated with membrane protein CD155. The nervous system shows a special protecting phenomenon against the invasion of poliovirus, and the mechanism is not very clear at present. Vaccines are the main means of preventing and controlling polio, and many different vaccines have been invented in the process of fighting polio. Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and oral polio vaccine (OPV) are the two main vaccines. IPV is known for its safety while OPV is widely used in developing countries because of its relatively low cost. This usage also leads to some side effects: vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP) and vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV). Now, for polio eradication, the elimination of these two diseases has become particularly important. Thus, a new type of vaccine was created: sequential IPV-OPV with the safety of IPV and the low cost of OPV. This paper will talk about the different polio vaccines and their effects. An enormous difference between people who have gotten the vaccine and people who have not got the vaccine. Comparing the two kinds of people, people who get normal poliovirus, and people who get poliovirus after taking a vaccine, known as VAPP (vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis), the former cannot get full recovery whole life and the latter has a very low possibility. In conclusion, people should take vaccines if it is affordable for them.

scholarly journals Efforts Towards Polio Eradication in Madagascar: 1997 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol Special Issue (2) ◽  
pp. 102-111
Author(s):  
Marcellin Mengouo Nimpa ◽  
Noëline Ravelomanana Razafiarivao ◽  
Annick Robinson ◽  
Mamy Randriatsarafara Fidiniaina ◽  
Richter Razafindratsimandresy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Routine Immunization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
African Region ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Free Status

Background: In 1988, the World Health Assembly launched the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. WHO AFRO is close to achieve this goal with the last wild poliovirus detected in 2014 in Borno States in Nigeria. The certification of the WHO African Region requires that all the 47 member states meet the critical indicators for a polio free status. Madagascar started implementing polio eradication activities in 1996 and was declared polio free in June 2018 in Abuja. This study describes the progress achieved towards polio eradication activities in Madagascar from 1977- 2017 and highlights the remaining challenges to be addressed. Methods: Data were collected from the national routine immunization services, Country Acute Flaccid surveillance databases and national reports of SIAS and Mop Up campaign. Country complete polio and immunization related documentation provided detailed historical information’s. Results: From 1997 to 2017, Madagascar reported one wild poliovirus (WPV) outbreak and four circulating Vaccine Derived Polio Virus (cVDPV) oubreaks with a total of 21 polioviruses (1 WPV and 21 cVDPV). The last WPV and cVDPV were notified in 1997 in Antananarivo and 2015 in Sakaraha health districts respectively. Madagascar met the main polio surveillance indicators over the last ten years and made significant progress following the last cVDPV2 outbreak in 2014 -2015. In addition, the country successfully implemented the switch from trivalent Oral Polio Vaccine (tOPV) to bivalent Oral Polio vaccine (bOPV) and containment activities. Environmental Surveillance established since 2015 did not reveal any poliovirus. The administrative coverage of the 3rd dose of oral polio vaccine (OPV3) varied across the years from 55% in 1991 to a maximum of 95% in 2007 before a progressive decrease to 86% in 2017. The percentage of AFP cases with more than 3 doses of oral polio vaccines increased from 56% in 2014 to 88% in 2017. A total of 19 supplementary immunization activities (SIA) were conducted in Madagascar from 1997 to 2017, among which 3 were subnational immunization days (sNID) and 16 were national immunization days (NIDs). Poor routine coverage contributed to the occurrence of cVDPC outbreaks in the country; addressing this should remain a key priority for the country to maintain the polio free status. From 2015 to June 2017, Madagascar achieved the required criteria leading to the acceptance of the country’s polio-free documentation in June 2018 by ARCC. However, continuous efforts will be needed to maintain a highly sensitive polio surveillance system with emphasis on security compromised areas. Finally strengthening the health system and governance at all levels will be necessary if these achievements are to be sustained. Conclusions: High national political commitment and support of the Global Polio Eradication Partnership were critical for Madagascar to achieve polio free status. Socio-political instability, weakness of the health system, sub-optimal routine immunization performance, insufficient SIA quality and existing security compromised areas remain critical program challenges to address in order to maintaining the polio free status. Continuous high-level advocacy should be kept in order to ensure that new government authorities maintain polio eradication among the top priorities of the country.

The polio endgame: rationale behind the change in immunisation

2017 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Garon ◽  
Manish Patel
Keyword(s):  
Scale Up ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
World Health ◽  
Routine Immunisation ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Global Coordination ◽  
Eradicate Polio

The decades long effort to eradicate polio is nearing the final stages and oral polio vaccine (OPV) is much to thank for this success. As cases of wild poliovirus continue to dwindle, cases of paralysis associated with OPV itself have become a concern. As type-2 poliovirus (one of three) has been certified eradicated and a large proportion of OPV-related paralysis is caused by the type-2 component of OPV, the World Health Assembly endorsed the phased withdrawal of OPV and the introduction of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) into routine immunisation schedules as a crucial step in the polio endgame plan. The rapid pace of IPV scale-up and uptake required adequate supply, planning, advocacy, training and operational readiness. Similarly, the synchronised switch from trivalent OPV (all three types) to bivalent OPV (types 1 and 3) involved an unprecedented level of global coordination and country commitment. The important shift in vaccination policy seen through global IPV introduction and OPV withdrawal represents an historical milestone reached in the polio eradication effort.

scholarly journals Limited and Localized Outbreak of Newly Emergent Type 2 Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus in Sichuan, China

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 1012-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongmei Yan ◽  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Shuangli Zhu ◽  
Na Chen ◽  
Xiaolei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Sensitivity ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Oral Poliovirus Vaccine ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Nucleotide Divergence

ABSTRACTFrom August 2011 to February 2012, an outbreak caused by type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) occurred in Aba County, Sichuan, China. During the outbreak, four type 2 VDPVs (≥0.6% nucleotide divergence in theVP1region relative to the Sabin 2 strain) were isolated from 3 patients with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and one close contact. In addition, a type 2 pre-VDPV (0.3% to 0.5% divergence from Sabin 2) that was genetically related to these type 2 VDPVs was isolated from another AFP patient. These 4 patients were all unimmunized children 0.7 to 1.1 years old. Nucleotide sequencing revealed that the 4 VDPV isolates differed from Sabin 2 by 0.7% to 1.2% in nucleotides in theVP1region and shared 5 nucleotide substitutions with the pre-VDPV. All 5 isolates were closely related, and all were S2/S3/S2/S3 recombinants sharing common recombination crossover sites. Although the two major determinants of attenuation and temperature sensitivity phenotype of Sabin 2 (A481in the 5′ untranslated region and Ile143in theVP1protein) had reverted in all 5 isolates, one VDPV (strain CHN16017) still retained the temperature sensitivity phenotype. Phylogenetic analysis of the third coding position of the completeP1coding region suggested that the cVDPVs circulated locally for about 7 months following the initiating oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) dose. Our findings reinforce the point that cVDPVs can emerge and spread in isolated communities with immunity gaps and highlight the emergence risks of type 2 cVDPVs accompanying the trivalent OPV used. To solve this issue, it is recommended that type 2 OPV be removed from the trivalent OPV or that inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) be used instead.

scholarly journals Preventive Vaccination against Poliomyelitis: Modern View

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 236-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. Karpova ◽  
К. А. Sarkisyan ◽  
A. A. Movsesyants ◽  
V. A. Merkulov
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Local Immunity ◽  
National Immunisation ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
History Of ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines ◽  
Preventive Vaccination ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative

Poliomyelitis is a typical anthroponosis, in natural conditions it infects only humans. The only effective strategy for combating the infection is preventive vaccination. The polio vaccine induces long-lasting humoral and local immunity. The article presents a brief history of polio vaccine development, and compares live and inactivated vaccines currently licensed and used in Russia. It also dwells upon the benefits and shortcomings of each of these vaccines. The results of analysis demonstrated that all foreign-made and domestically-produced polio vaccines currently used in Russia meet international requirements in terms of main quality characteristics and comply with the WHO recommendations. The article looks into some issues arising from the use of live polio vaccine, in particular the development of vaccine-associated paralytic polio, and the appearance of vaccine-derived polioviruses. It reviews the main approaches of the current WHO polio eradication initiative, and summarises the outcomes of the 30-year period since the adoption of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. The article describes the transition from live attenuated oral polio vaccine (types 1, 2 and 3) to bivalent vaccine (live attenuated oral polio vaccine, types 1 and 3). It discusses the necessity of using polio vaccines (both live and inactivated) at the final stage of polio eradication. The article presents the new National Immunisation Schedule.

scholarly journals Use of Call Centers in Polio Eradication Efforts in Island Settlement in Chad

2021 ◽  
Vol Special Issue (2) ◽  
pp. 87-93
Author(s):  
Adele Daleke Lisi Aluma ◽  
Sam Koulmini ◽  
Souley Kalilou ◽  
Obianuju Igweonu ◽  
Felix Amadou Kouassi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Call Centers ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Routine Immunization ◽  
Community Leaders ◽  
African Region ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative ◽  
Telephone Calls ◽  
Immunization Campaign

Background: One of the four key strategies of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) is high immunization coverage, with oral polio vaccine as part of routine immunization schedules. However, given the weak routine immunization structures in the African Region, coverage is enhanced with supplemental immunization activities (SIAs), and mop-up immunizations. Unfortunately, anecdotal information show that vaccination teams sometimes omit some catchments areas without immunization. This paper thus describes the use of “Call Centers” in detecting missed populations and taking prompt corrective action. Method: The study was based on review of call records during polio supplemental immunization campaigns in Bol Districts in Chad from February to May 2018. The immunization coverage resulting from these campaigns was compared with that of February 2018. A compilation of data – details on communities, community leaders, and their phone numbers was performed. On the eve of the campaign, community leaders were alerted on the vaccinators’ visitThe community leaders were called on the eve of the campaign to alert them on the visit of the vaccinators. At the end of each day, activities (visits as well) were reviewed at the coordination centres Vaccinators were asked to return to any community where community leaders did not confirm visits). Result: Telephone calls allowed the verification and confirmation of the vaccinators visits in 92% of cases. Villages where vaccination was planned but which were not reached were revisited. More than 1,011 children were caught up through this approach in 10 villages in the Bol district. Conclusion: In conclusion, call centers played significantly higher role in generating covering more children with immunization during immunization campaign.

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