scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of Human-Pathogenic Microsporidia and Cyclospora cayetanensis Isolated from Various Water Sources in Spain: a Year-Long Longitudinal Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 449-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Luz Galván ◽  
Angela Magnet ◽  
Fernando Izquierdo ◽  
Soledad Fenoy ◽  
Cristina Rueda ◽  
...  

ABSTRACTRecent studies suggest the involvement of water in the epidemiology ofCyclospora cayetanensisand some microsporidia. A total of 223 samples from four drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), seven wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and six locations of influence (LI) on four river basins from Madrid, Spain, were analyzed from spring 2008 to winter 2009. Microsporidia were detected in 49% of samples (109/223),Cyclosporaspp. were detected in 9% (20/223), and both parasites were found in 5.4% (12/223) of samples. Human-pathogenic microsporidia were detected, includingEnterocytozoon bieneusi(C, D, and D-like genotypes),Encephalitozoon intestinalis,Encephalitozoon cuniculi(genotypes I and III), andAnncaliia algerae.C. cayetanensiswas identified in 17 of 20 samples. To our knowledge, this is the first study that shows a year-long longitudinal study ofC. cayetanensisin drinking water treatment plants. Additionally, data about the presence and molecular characterization of the human-pathogenic microsporidia in drinking water, wastewater, and locations of influence during 1 year in Spain are shown. It is noteworthy that although the DWTPs and WWTPs studied meet European and national regulations on water sanitary quality, both parasites were found in water samples from these plants, supporting the idea that new and appropriate controls and regulations for drinking water, wastewater, and recreational waters should be proposed to avoid health risks from these pathogens.

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Horemans ◽  
Bart Raes ◽  
Hannelore Brocatus ◽  
Jeroen T'Syen ◽  
Caroline Rombouts ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Aminobacter sp. strain MSH1 grows on and mineralizes the groundwater micropollutant 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM) and is of interest for BAM removal in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). The BAM-catabolic genes in MSH1 are located on plasmid pBAM1, carrying bbdA, which encodes the conversion of BAM to 2,6-dichlorobenzoic acid (2,6-DCBA) (BbdA+ phenotype), and plasmid pBAM2, carrying gene clusters encoding the conversion of 2,6-DCBA to tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates (Dcba+ phenotype). There are indications that MSH1 easily loses its BAM-catabolic phenotype. We obtained evidence that MSH1 rapidly develops a population that lacks the ability to mineralize BAM when grown on nonselective (R2B medium) and semiselective (R2B medium with BAM) media. Lack of mineralization was explained by loss of the Dcba+ phenotype and corresponding genes. The ecological significance of this instability for the use of MSH1 for BAM removal in the oligotrophic environment of DWTPs was explored in lab and pilot systems. A higher incidence of BbdA+ Dcba− MSH1 cells was also observed when MSH1 was grown as a biofilm in flow chambers under C and N starvation conditions due to growth on nonselective residual assimilable organic carbon. Similar observations were made in experiments with a pilot sand filter reactor bioaugmented with MSH1. BAM conversion to 2,6-DCBA was not affected by loss of the DCBA-catabolic genes. Our results show that MSH1 is prone to BAM-catabolic instability under the conditions occurring in a DWTP. While conversion of BAM to 2,6-DCBA remains unaffected, BAM mineralization activity is at risk, and monitoring of metabolites is warranted. IMPORTANCE Bioaugmentation of dedicated biofiltration units with bacterial strains that grow on and mineralize micropollutants was suggested as an alternative for treating micropollutant-contaminated water in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). Organic-pollutant-catabolic genes in bacteria are often easily lost, especially under nonselective conditions, which affects the bioaugmentation success. In this study, we provide evidence that Aminobacter sp. strain MSH1, which uses the common groundwater micropollutant 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM) as a C source, shows a high frequency of loss of its BAM-mineralizing phenotype due to the loss of genes that convert 2,6-DCBA to Krebs cycle intermediates when nonselective conditions occur. Moreover, we show that catabolic-gene loss also occurs in the oligotrophic environment of DWTPs, where growth of MSH1 depends mainly on the high fluxes of low concentrations of assimilable organic carbon, and hence show the ecological relevance of catabolic instability for using strain MSH1 for BAM removal in DWTPs.


2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezio Ranieri ◽  
Joanna Świetlik

The paper reports results of the experiments carried out at Fortore (Foggia, South Italy) and Mosina (Poznan, Poland) drinking water treatment plants aimed at DBPs control. Pilot scale GAC filters were installed in both plants in order to assess the efficacy of different kind of GAC for chlorites, NOM and THMs removal. Both pilot plants operated with and without chlorine dioxide pre-disinfection. In Fortore plant, because of free chlorine was added in ClO2 pre‐disinfection solution, THMs formation was evaluated. Results showed an high efficacy of chlorites removal on GAC filters up to 5500 and 10000 bed volumes for mineral and vegetal GAC in Fortore and up to 11000 bed volumes in Mosina. A preliminary characterization of natural organic matter (NOM) dissolved in Fortore raw water was performed as well, in order to confirm its reactivity towards chlorine dioxide. The presence of small molecules (< 500 Da) in Fortore pre‐disinfected water, has resulted in THMs and carboxylic acids formation due a fast reaction with Cl2‐ClO2. GAC columns have shown percentages of removal ranging from 60 to 72% for THMs and ranging from 14.6 to 43% for TOC, so that adsorption represents an essential step for DBPs control. Santrauka Straipsnyje pateikiami eksperimentu, darytu atliekant DBPs kontrole Fortore (Foggia, Pietu Italija) ir Mosina (Poznan, Lenkija) geriamojo vandens ruošimo irenginiuose, rezultatai. Eksperimentiniai skirtingos rūšies GAC filtrai, skirti chlorido, natūraliu organiniu medžiagu (NOM) ir THMs šalinimo efektyvumui nustatyti, buvo irengti abiejuose vandens ruošimo irenginiuose. Abu eksperimentiniai vandens ruošimo irenginiai veike atlikus pirmini dezinfekavima chloro dioksidu ir dezinfekavimo neatlikus. Fortore vandens ruošimo irenginiuose laisvaji chlora pridedant i ClO2 pirmines dezinfekcijos tirpala, vertinta THMs susidarymas. Iš rezultatu buvo akivaizdu didelis chlorito sulaikymo GAC filtrais efektyvumas Fortore ir Mosina gyvenvietese. Taip pat nustatytos preliminarios NOM, ištirpusiu neapdorotame Fortore vandenyje, charak‐teristikos, taigi patvirtintas reaktyvumas su chloro dioksidu. Mažu molekuliu (<500 Da) buvimas Fortore nedezinfekuotame vandenyje leme THMs ir karboksilines rūgšties susidaryma del greitos reakcijos su Cl2‐ClO2. Tyrimu duomenimis, THMs pašalinta nuo 60 iki 72 %, TOC ‐ nuo 14,6 iki 43 %, taigi ši adsorbcija yra svarbus etapas kontroliuojant DBPs. Резюме В статье представлены результаты экспериментов по осуществлению контроля побочных продуктов дезинфекции на очистных сооружениях питьевой воды в Форторе (Фоджия, Южная Италия) и Мосине (Познань, Польша). Экспериментальные фильтры GAC были установлены на обеих водоочистных установках с целью выявить эффективность разных фильтров GAC, предназначенных для очищения воды от хлорида и других вредных веществ. Обе экспериментальные водоочистные установки действовали с первичной дезинфекцией с применением диоксида хлора и без него. В Форторе, где в водоочистных установках в раствор ClO2 для первичной дезинфекции добавляли свободный хлор, оценивалось образование тригалометана. Результаты показали высокую эффективность очищения от хлоридов фильтрами GAC в Форторе и Мосине. Также установлены предварительные характеристики естественных органических веществ, растворенных в необработанной воде в Форторе. Небольшое количество молекул (< 500 Da) в недезинфицированной воде в Форторе обусловило образование тригалометана и карбоксилановой кислоты в зависимости от скорости реакции с Cl2–ClO2. Фильтры GAC обеспечили 60–72-процентную очистку от тригалометана, а TOC – 14,6–43- процентную очистку. Таким образом, эта адсорбция является важным этапом контроля за побочными продуктами дезинфекции.


1986 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.J. Roberts ◽  
R.B. Hunsinger ◽  
A.H. Vajdic

Abstract The Drinking Water Surveillance Program (DWSP), developed by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, is an assessment project based on standardized analytical and sampling protocol. This program was recently instituted in response to a series of contaminant occurrences in the St. Clair-Detroit River area of Southwestern Ontario. This paper outlines the details and goals of the program and provides information concerning micro-contaminants in drinking water at seven drinking water treatment plants in Southwestern Ontario.


Author(s):  
Samantha Donovan ◽  
Ariel Jasmine Atkinson ◽  
Natalia Fischer ◽  
Amelia E Taylor ◽  
Johann Kieffer ◽  
...  

PolyDiallyldimethyl Ammonium Chloride (PolyDADMAC) is the most commonly used polymer at drinking water treatment plants and has the potential to form nitrosamines, like N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), if free polymer is present...


2000 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 565-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Payment ◽  
Aminata Berte ◽  
Michèle Prévost ◽  
Bruno Ménard ◽  
Benoît Barbeau

A 300-km portion of the Saint Lawrence hydrological basin in the province of Québec (Canada) and 45 water treatment plants were studied. River water used by drinking water treatment plants was analyzed (6-L sample volumes) to determine the level of occurrence of bacterial indicators (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and Clostridium perfringens) and pathogens (Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium, human enteric viruses). Pathogens and bacterial indicators were found at all sites at a wide range of values. Logistic regression analysis revealed significant correlations between the bacterial indicators and the pathogens. Physicochemical and treatment practices data were collected from most water treatment plants and used to estimate the level of removal of pathogens achieved under cold (0°C-4°C) and warm (20°C-25°C) water temperature conditions. The calculated removal values were then used to estimate the annual risk of Giardia infection using mathematical models and to compare the sites. The estimated range of probability of infection ranged from 0.75 to less than 0.0001 for the populations exposed. Given the numerous assumptions made, the model probably overestimated the annual risk, but it provided comparative data of the efficacy of the water treatment plants and thereby contributes to the protection of public health.Key words: public health, drinking water, health risk, pathogen occurrence.


2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Baghoth ◽  
M. Dignum ◽  
A. Grefte ◽  
J. Kroesbergen ◽  
G. L. Amy

For drinking water treatment plants that do not use disinfectant residual in the distribution system, it is important to limit availability of easily biodegradable natural organic matter (NOM) fractions which could enhance bacterial regrowth in the distribution system. This can be achieved by optimising the removal of those fractions of interest during treatment; however, this requires a better understanding of the physical and chemical properties of these NOM components. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) and liquid chromatography with online organic carbon detection (LC-OCD) were used to characterize NOM in water samples from one of the two water treatment plants serving Amsterdam, The Netherlands. No disinfectant residual is applied in the distribution system. Fluorescence EEM and LC-OCD were used to track NOM fractions. Whereas fluorescence EEM shows the reduction of humic-like as well as protein-like fluorescence signatures, LC-OCD was able to quantify the changes in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations of five NOM fractions: humic substances, building blocks (hydrolysates of humics), biopolymers, low molecular weight acids and neutrals.


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