scholarly journals Allelic Diversity of the Helicobacter pylori Vacuolating Cytotoxin Gene in South Africa: Rarity of thevacA s1a Genotype and Natural Occurrence of an s2/m1 Allele

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 1203-1205 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Letley ◽  
A. Lastovica ◽  
J. A. Louw ◽  
C. J. Hawkey ◽  
J. C. Atherton
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Allelic Diversity ◽  
Mixed Race ◽  
The United States ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Vacuolating Cytotoxin ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Cytotoxin Gene

We describe the rarity of Helicobacter pylori strains of vacuolating cytotoxin type s1a (the type most commonly associated with peptic ulceration in the United States) among black and mixed-race South Africans. We also provide the first description of a naturally occurring strain with the vacA allelic structure s2/m1.

scholarly journals International Real Estate Review

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-104
Author(s):  
Robert A. Simons ◽  
◽  
Jesse Saginor ◽  
Aly H. Karam ◽  
Hlengani Baloyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Contingent Valuation ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
Bidder Behavior ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Residential Properties

This study reports the results of a contingent valuation (CV) survey that was carried out in Johannesburg, South Africa. Students at Wits University conducted more than 300 face-to-face interviews with Africans living and/or working in Soweto, an African township located on the outskirts of Johannesburg, and nearby areas. The questions they asked were designed to determine the perceptions of risk regarding airborne mine dust and radon, a naturally occurring gas, and the effect that these perceptions had on the valuation of residential properties impacted by these substances. A probit model was used to evaluate the determinants of bidder behavior, using respondent demographics and other characteristics as independent variables. Residential property discounts for potentially contaminated housing sites by marginal bidders at the top of the market varied from -24% to -50%. Research issues in developing countries were addressed. Contingent valuation results in South Africa were compared to published results in the United States.

scholarly journals Testing the inescapable network of mutuality: Albert Luthuli, Martin Luther King Jr and the challenges of post-liberation South Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan A. Boesak
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
The United States ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Faith Commitment ◽  
The World ◽  
Ethical Stance ◽  
Martin Luther King

The assassination of Martin Luther King Jr, 50 years ago on 04 April 1968, has been recalled in the United States with memorial services, conferences, public discussions and books. In contrast, the commemoration in 2017 of the death of Albert John Mvumbi Luthuli, 50 years ago on December 1967, passed almost unremarked. That is to our detriment. Yet, these two Christian fighters for freedom, in different contexts, did not only have much in common, but they also left remarkably similar and equally inspiring legacies for South Africa, the United States and the world in the ways they lived their lives in complete faith commitment to ideals and ways of struggle that may guide us in the ongoing struggles to make the world a more just, peacable and humane place. For South African reflections on our ethical stance in the fierce, continuing struggles for justice, dignity and the authenticity of our democracy, I propose that these two leaders should be considered in tandem. We should learn from both. This article engages Martin Luther King Jr’s belief in the ‘inescapable network of mutuality’, applies it to the struggle for freedom in South Africa and explores the ways in which South Africans can embrace these ethical ideals in facing the challenges of post-liberation.

scholarly journals Cell Specificity of Helicobacter pyloriCytotoxin Is Determined by a Short Region in the Polymorphic Midregion

2000 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 3754-3757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuhuai Ji ◽  
Thomas Fernandez ◽  
Daniela Burroni ◽  
Cristina Pagliaccia ◽  
John C. Atherton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Vacuolating Cytotoxin ◽  
Short Region ◽  
Cell Specificity ◽  
Cytotoxin Gene

ABSTRACT There are two alleles of the vacuolating cytotoxin gene fromHelicobacter pylori, which code for toxins with different cell specificities. By analyzing the phenotypes of natural and artificial chimeras between the two forms of the protein, we have delimited a short stretch of amino acids which determine the cell specificity.

scholarly journals A Suitable Paradigm: the Indian Founding and the world

Jus Cogens ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Fowkes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
The United States ◽  
Constitutional Democracy ◽  
Paradigm Case ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
South Africans ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Do So

AbstractWhat is the relevance of the Indian case for South Africa? And what should South Africans, and the rest of the world, make of the claim in Madhav Khosla’s India’s Founding Moment that we should recognize India as ‘the’ paradigm case for modern constitutional democracy? The constitutional projects of India and South Africa are naturally connected, but Khosla’s book helps to bring out what is perhaps the most important of the connections. Both are founded on an insistently democratic constitutionalism, in places where most inhabitants had long been told they were not suited or ready for democracy. Both display the conviction that boldly giving the vote to all, in these circumstances, is a powerful way to construct a democracy. This idea is crucial for understanding many aspects of both constitutions. This makes India a natural paradigm case for South Africa and many others. The stronger claim, that it is ‘the’ paradigm case and should succeed the United States to this status, can become more complicated once one tests it out globally (like the US claim). Finland and Ireland are especially strong and earlier examples of what Khosla sees as ground-breaking in India. Latin America’s somewhat different post-colonial trajectory makes India a more imperfect paradigm there. But that said, treating India and its founding as paradigmatic may well be the single best step to take for a more balanced view of the constitutional world, and this book’s elegant erudition makes it a real scholarly pleasure to do so.

scholarly journals Evolution of the Helicobacter pylori Vacuolating Cytotoxin in a Human Stomach

2004 ◽  
Vol 186 (15) ◽  
pp. 5182-5185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Aviles-Jimenez ◽  
Darren P. Letley ◽  
Gerardo Gonzalez-Valencia ◽  
Nina Salama ◽  
Javier Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Homologous Recombination ◽  
Human Stomach ◽  
Common Origin ◽  
Vacuolating Cytotoxin ◽  
Cytotoxin Gene

ABSTRACT We describe two subclones of Helicobacter pylori, isolated contemporaneously from a human stomach, which differ markedly in the vacuolating cytotoxin gene, vacA, but whose near identity in sequences outside this locus implies a very recent common origin. The differences are consistent with homologous recombination with DNA from another strain and result in a changed vacA midregion and, importantly, in changed toxicity.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Grant
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Cold War ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Racial Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black Activism ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Black South Africans

This chapter provides an overview of racial politics in the United States and South Africa in the 1940s and 1950s. It traces how African Americans and black South Africans have historically configured their struggles as being interconnected, while documenting how anticommunism limited opportunities for transnational black activism between both countries during the early Cold War.

scholarly journals Heterogeneity in Levels of Vacuolating Cytotoxin Gene (vacA) Transcription among Helicobacter pylori Strains

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 3088-3094 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Forsyth ◽  
J. C. Atherton ◽  
M. J. Blaser ◽  
T. L. Cover
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Broth Culture ◽  
Promoter Strength ◽  
Vacuolating Cytotoxin ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Culture Supernatants ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Transcriptional Fusions ◽  
Cytotoxin Gene

ABSTRACT Broth culture supernatants from Tox+ Helicobacter pylori strains induce vacuolation of HeLa cells in vitro and contain VacA in concentrations that are higher than those found in supernatants from Tox− H. pyloristrains. To investigate the basis for this phenomenon, we analyzed the transcription of the vacuolating cytotoxin gene (vacA) in eight Tox+ strains (each with a type s1/m1 vacA genotype) and nine Tox− strains (each with a type s2/m2 vacA genotype). Most of the Tox+ and Tox− strains tested used the samevacA transcriptional start point, but Tox+strains yielded significantly stronger primer extension signal intensities than did Tox− strains (mean densitometry values of 15.8 ± 1.9 versus 8.9 ± 1.7, P = 0.0016). Correspondingly, when we introducedvacA::xylE transcriptional fusions into the chromosomes of a Tox+ strain (60190) and a Tox− strain (86-313), the level of XylE activity in 60190vacA::xylE was about 30-fold higher than that in 86-313 vacA::xylE. Sequence analysis and promoter exchange experiments indicated that the different levels of vacA transcription in these two strains cannot be explained solely by a difference in promoter strength. These data indicate that Tox+ and Tox− H. pylori strains typically differ not only in the VacA amino acid sequence but also in the level of vacA transcription.

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