Identification of Cpgp40/15 Type Ib as the Predominant Allele in Isolates of Cryptosporidium spp. from a Waterborne Outbreak of Gastroenteritis in South Burgundy, France

This study was designed to determine tlie occurrence and removal of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and Giardia spp. cysts, in municipal waste-water by waste stabilisation ponds in tlie Republic of Kenya. Eleven waste stabilisation pond systems located in towns across Kenya were included. A total of 66 waste-water samples were examined for the presence of oocysts and cysts, comprising 11 raw waste-water and 55 pond effluent samples over a two month period. Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were detected in 6 and Giardia spp. cysts in 9 of the designated pond systems analysed demonstrating their ubiquitous nature throughout Kenya. Oocyst levels detected in raw waste-water samples ranged from 12.5 - 72.97 oocysts/l and various pond effluents between 2.25 - 50 oocysts/l. Cyst levels detected in raw waste-water samples ranged from 212.5 to 6212.5 cysts/l and in various pond effluents from 3.125 to 230.7 cysts/l. No Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were detected in the final effluent from any pond systems studied (11/11). Whereas no Giardia spp. cysts were detected in the final effluent from 10 of 11 waste stabilisation pond systems studied, one pond system was found to be consistently discharging cysts in the final effluent at concentrations ranging from 40 to 50 cysts/l. The minimum retention period for the removal of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and Giardia spp. cysts was 37.3 days. Laboratory experiments were performed to assess physico-chemical and microbiological parameters to express relationships between pond performance and protozoa removal.

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Prevalence and multilocus genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle in Jiangxi Province, southeastern China

Parasitology Research ◽

10.1007/s00436-021-07047-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 120 (4) ◽

pp. 1281-1289

Author(s):

Sen Li ◽

Yang Zou ◽

Pei Wang ◽

Ming-Ren Qu ◽

Wen-Bin Zheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Jiangxi Province ◽

Southeastern China ◽

Cryptosporidium Spp ◽

Multilocus Genotyping

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Variance analysis of immunoglobulin alleles in natural populations of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus): the extensive interallelic divergence at the b locus could be the outcome of overdominance-type selection.

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/135.1.171 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 135 (1) ◽

pp. 171-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

W van der Loo

Keyword(s):

Heavy Chain ◽

Light Chain ◽

Gene Diversity ◽

Natural Populations ◽

Constant Region ◽

Immunoglobulin Light Chain ◽

Evolutionary Patterns ◽

B Locus ◽

Type Selection ◽

Predominant Allele

Abstract Population genetic data are presented which should contribute to evaluation of the hypothesis that the extraordinary evolutionary patterns observed at the b locus of the rabbit immunoglobulin light chain constant region can be the outcome of overdominance-type selection. The analysis of allele correlations in natural populations revealed an excess of heterozygotes of about 10% at the b locus while heterozygote excess was not observed at loci determining the immunoglobulin heavy chain. Data from the published literature, where homozygote advantage was suggested, were reevaluated and found in agreement with data here presented. Gene diversity was evenly distributed among populations and showed similarities with patterns reported for histocompatibility loci. Analysis of genotypic disequilibria revealed strong digenic associations between the leading alleles of heavy and light chain constant region loci in conjunction with trigenic disequilibria corresponding to a preferential association of b locus heterozygosity with the predominant allele of the heavy chain e locus. It is argued that this may indicate compensatory or nonadditive aspects of a putative heterozygosity enhancing mechanism, implying that effects at the light chain might be more pronounced in populations fixed for the heavy chain polymorphism.

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Sparse Evidence for Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium spp. and Microsporidia Infections in Humans, Domesticated Animals and Wild Nonhuman Primates Sharing a Farm–Forest Mosaic Landscape in Western Uganda

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10080933 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 933

Author(s):

Marie Cibot ◽

Matthew R. McLennan ◽

Martin Kváč ◽

Bohumil Sak ◽

Caroline Asiimwe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nonhuman Primates ◽

Triosephosphate Isomerase ◽

Ribosomal Subunit ◽

Oral Route ◽

Pathogen Transmission ◽

Mosaic Landscape ◽

Domesticated Animals ◽

Black And White ◽

Cryptosporidium Spp ◽

Animal Contact

Zoonotic pathogen transmission is considered a leading threat to the survival of non-human primates and public health in shared landscapes. Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Microsporidia are unicellular parasites spread by the fecal-oral route by environmentally resistant stages and can infect humans, livestock, and wildlife including non-human primates. Using immunoassay diagnostic kits and amplification/sequencing of the region of the triosephosphate isomerase, small ribosomal subunit rRNA and the internal transcribed spacer genes, we investigated Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and microsporidia infections, respectively, among humans, domesticated animals (livestock, poultry, and dogs), and wild nonhuman primates (eastern chimpanzees and black and white colobus monkeys) in Bulindi, Uganda, an area of remarkably high human–animal contact and spatial overlap. We analyzed 137 fecal samples and revealed the presence of G. intestinalis assemblage B in two human isolates, G. intestinalis assemblage E in one cow isolate, and Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype II in two humans and one goat isolate. None of the chimpanzee and colobus monkey samples were positive for any of the screened parasites. Regular distribution of antiparasitic treatment in both humans and domestic animals in Bulindi could have reduced the occurrence of the screened parasites and decreased potential circulation of these pathogens among host species.

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Multicenter Evaluation of an ELISA for the Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. Antigen in Clinical Human Stool Samples

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9020209 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 209

Author(s):

Romy Razakandrainibe ◽

Célia Mérat ◽

Nathalie Kapel ◽

Marc Sautour ◽

Karine Guyot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Cryptosporidium Oocyst ◽

Clinical Importance ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Elisa Test ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Cryptosporidium Spp ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Conventional Microscopy ◽

Human Stool

Human cryptosporidiosis remains underdiagnosed, and rapid/accurate diagnosis is of clinical importance. Diagnosis of the Cryptosporidium oocyst in stool samples by conventional microscopy is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and requires skillful experience. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the usefulness of a coproantigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test in detecting Cryptosporidium spp. from fecal specimens. For this aim, we evaluated the performances of a commercial ELISA (CoproELISA Cryptosporidium kit, Savyon Diagnostics, Israel) for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in random clinical stool samples through a multicenter study. The sensitivity and specificity for coproantigen ELISA were 98.86% and 94.32%, respectively. The coproantigen ELISA results indicate that the simple, rapid, reliable, and standardized immunoassay test is sensitive and specific for routine diagnosis, and may be useful for large-scale epidemiological studies of cryptosporidiosis.

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