scholarly journals Sparse Evidence for Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium spp. and Microsporidia Infections in Humans, Domesticated Animals and Wild Nonhuman Primates Sharing a Farm–Forest Mosaic Landscape in Western Uganda

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 933
Author(s):  
Marie Cibot ◽  
Matthew R. McLennan ◽  
Martin Kváč ◽  
Bohumil Sak ◽  
Caroline Asiimwe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Triosephosphate Isomerase ◽  
Ribosomal Subunit ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Mosaic Landscape ◽  
Domesticated Animals ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Animal Contact

Zoonotic pathogen transmission is considered a leading threat to the survival of non-human primates and public health in shared landscapes. Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Microsporidia are unicellular parasites spread by the fecal-oral route by environmentally resistant stages and can infect humans, livestock, and wildlife including non-human primates. Using immunoassay diagnostic kits and amplification/sequencing of the region of the triosephosphate isomerase, small ribosomal subunit rRNA and the internal transcribed spacer genes, we investigated Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and microsporidia infections, respectively, among humans, domesticated animals (livestock, poultry, and dogs), and wild nonhuman primates (eastern chimpanzees and black and white colobus monkeys) in Bulindi, Uganda, an area of remarkably high human–animal contact and spatial overlap. We analyzed 137 fecal samples and revealed the presence of G. intestinalis assemblage B in two human isolates, G. intestinalis assemblage E in one cow isolate, and Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype II in two humans and one goat isolate. None of the chimpanzee and colobus monkey samples were positive for any of the screened parasites. Regular distribution of antiparasitic treatment in both humans and domestic animals in Bulindi could have reduced the occurrence of the screened parasites and decreased potential circulation of these pathogens among host species.

scholarly journals Investigation of Cryptosporidium spp. in breeding nucleus of capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. e310101119459
Author(s):  
Thaís Weinstein Barbosa ◽  
Sandra Valéria Inácio ◽  
Gilberto Chiantinelli Ferreira ◽  
José Américo de Oliveira ◽  
Sérgio Diniz Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Route ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Capuchin Monkeys ◽  
Zoonotic Potential ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Plastic Bag ◽  
School Of Dentistry ◽  
Pathogenic Agents

Animals of the primate order are highly susceptible to parasitic infections due to their social organization, often in groups and interaction between individuals, facilitating the transmission of pathogenic agents, and may be even more prevalent in areas modified by anthropic action. The occurrence of the protozoan Cryptosporidium spp. in wildlife animals in captivity or free-living it characterizes great importance of Public Health mainly for its zoonotic potential. This parasite has a cosmopolitan distribution, causes gastrointestinal infection, and its transmission occurs via the fecal-oral route, either through water or through contaminated food. Cryptosporidiosis affects mammals, birds, reptiles and fish, this significant zoonotic potential, in addition to being directly related to the living conditions of the host and the quality of the environment. We investigated the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in primates located at the Tufted Capuchin Monkey Procreation Center (School of Dentistry of Araçatuba - UNESP). Fecal samples from 49 asymptomatic primates of the species Sapajus spp. species were collected below their individual cages, the soil was lined with a plastic bag, thus hindering environmental contamination. The search for oocysts was carried out using the technique of Negative Malachite Green Staining, finding negativity in all samples examined, which suggests the absence of the protozoan Cryptosporidium spp. in primates studied in the breeding center of capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.), noting that they were asymptomatic.

Inter- and intra-specific exposure to parasites and pathogens via the faecal–oral route: a consequence of behaviour in a patchy environment

2008 ◽  
Vol 137 (5) ◽  
pp. 630-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. SMITH ◽  
G. MARION ◽  
D. L. SWAIN ◽  
P. C. L. WHITE ◽  
M. R. HUTCHINGS
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Patchy Environment ◽  
Exposure Risk ◽  
Transmission Event ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Exposure Risks ◽  
Grazing Behaviour

SUMMARYLivestock herbivores are at risk of inter- and intra-specific exposure to parasites/pathogens via the faecal–oral route during grazing. Each contact between livestock and faeces in the environment is a potential parasite/pathogen transmission event. Cattle grazing contact with faeces varies in relation to the species depositing the faeces and the distribution of the faeces. We used a foraging model to simulate the grazing behaviour of beef cattle in two grazing systems to compare the relative inter-specific and intra-specific exposure risks to parasites/pathogens. Overall, there is a greater level of intra-vs. inter-specific risk via the faecal–oral route. However, under certain conditions, particularly for microparasite infections, e.g. paratuberculosis in rabbits and bovine tuberculosis in badgers, wildlife may pose a significant exposure risk to parasites/pathogens. These risks can be enhanced when cattle are first turned out onto pasture and in situations where intra-specific variations in wildlife behaviour result in more dispersed defecation patterns.

Nonpoint Pollution From Animal Sources and Shellfish Sanitation

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 649-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
GERARD N. STELMA ◽  
LELAND J. MCCABE
Keyword(s):  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Shellfish Sanitation

Many of the microorganisms pathogenic to both animals and man are transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Most of these pathogens could conceivably be transmitted through a shellfish vector. Bacteria potentially transmitted from animal to man via shellfish include most of the salmonellae, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Campylobacter jejuni, and Listeria monocytogenes. The protozoa most likely to be transmitted this way are Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp. Because the enteric viruses are highly species-specific, they are not likely to be transmitted from animals to humans. There are environmental data showing that bacterial pathogens shed by both domestic and wild animals have been isolated from shellfish. However, there is little epidemiological evidence that illness outbreaks have been caused by shellfish harvested from waters polluted by animals. Unfortunately, epidemiological observations are of limited value because most illnesses are probably not recorded. In addition, more than half of the recorded outbreaks are of unknown etiology, and more than half of the shellfish implicated in illness outbreaks cannot be traced to their points of origin. More lenient bacteriological standards should not be established for waters affected only by animal pollution until health effects studies have been performed, and an indicator that differentiates between human and nonhuman fecal pollution is available. Most of the pollution that originates from domestic animals could be eliminated by simple and inexpensive measures.

scholarly journals Human infective potential of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in urban wastewater treatment plant effluents

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiawen Ma ◽  
Yaoyu Feng ◽  
Yue Hu ◽  
Eric N. Villegas ◽  
Lihua Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Wwtp Effluent

Cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, and microsporidiosis are important waterborne diseases. In the standard for wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents in China and other countries, the fecal coliform count is the only microbial indicator, raising concerns about the potential for pathogen transmission through WWTP effluent reuse. In this study, we collected 50 effluent samples (30 L/sample) from three municipal WWTPs in Shanghai, China, and analyzed for Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi by microscopy and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Moreover, propidium monoazide (PMA)-PCR was used to assess the viability of oocysts/cysts. The microscopy and PCR-positive rates for Cryptosporidium spp. were 62% and 40%, respectively. The occurrence rates of G. duodenalis were 96% by microscopy and 92–100% by PCR analysis of three genetic loci. Furthermore, E. bieneusi was detected in 70% (35/50) of samples by PCR. Altogether, 10 Cryptosporidium species or genotypes, two G. duodenalis genotypes, and 11 E. bieneusi genotypes were found, most of which were human-pathogenic. The chlorine dioxide disinfection employed in WWTP1 and WWTP3 failed to inactivate the residual pathogens; 93% of the samples from WWTP1 and 83% from WWTP3 did not meet the national standard on fecal coliform levels. Thus, urban WWTP effluents often contain residual waterborne human pathogens.

scholarly journals Fido, Fluffy, and wildlife conservation: The environmental consequences of domesticated animals

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Twardek ◽  
Kathryn S. Peiman ◽  
Austin J. Gallagher ◽  
Steven J. Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
Domesticated Animals ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Behavioural Modification ◽  
Pet Owners ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Human Wildlife Conflict

Humans have created a strong relationship with cats and dogs by domesticating them. Whether owned by a human or living feral, modern domestic cats and dogs interact extensively with people and the environment. The negative interactions between these domesticated animals and wildlife have been discussed in several reviews, but few reports have provided an overview of both the positive and negative impacts these domesticated animals have on wildlife conservation. Here, we describe the diverse issues associated with domestic cats and dogs and wildlife including predation, competition, pathogen transmission, hybridization, behavioural modification, harvest of wild animals for pet food, and creation of human–wildlife conflict. We then discuss their role in supporting conservation efforts (e.g., use in species identification and tracking, biological control), and shaping our social values towards animals and appreciation for nature. Finally, we suggest necessary steps to harmonize our relationship with cats and dogs and the conservation of wildlife. For owned animals, there is potential for pet owners to support conservation efforts through a ‘pet tax’ adopted by veterinary clinics and pet stores to be used for wildlife conservation. Moreover, information regarding the impacts of these animals on wildlife and potential solutions (e.g., voluntarily keeping cats and dogs inside or use of “pet curfews”, use of bells to alert wildlife to cats) should be made available to owners who are most likely to have an influence on the behaviour of their companion animal.

scholarly journals The ecology of movement and behaviour: a saturated tripartite network for describing animal contacts

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1887) ◽  
pp. 20180670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kezia Manlove ◽  
Christina Aiello ◽  
Pratha Sah ◽  
Bree Cummins ◽  
Peter J. Hudson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Contact Network ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Patch Occupancy ◽  
Contact Networks ◽  
Movement Trajectories ◽  
Animal Contact

Ecologists regularly use animal contact networks to describe interactions underlying pathogen transmission, gene flow, and information transfer. However, empirical descriptions of contact often overlook some features of individual movement, and decisions about what kind of network to use in a particular setting are commonly ad hoc . Here, we relate individual movement trajectories to contact networks through a tripartite network model of individual, space, and time nodes. Most networks used in animal contact studies (e.g. individual association networks, home range overlap networks, and spatial networks) are simplifications of this tripartite model. The tripartite structure can incorporate a broad suite of alternative ecological metrics like home range sizes and patch occupancy patterns into inferences about contact network metrics such as modularity and degree distribution. We demonstrate the model's utility with two simulation studies using alternative forms of ecological data to constrain the tripartite network's structure and inform expectations about the harder-to-measure metrics related to contact.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in Humans, Wild Primates, and Domesticated Animals in the Greater Gombe Ecosystem, Tanzania

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. e0003529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele B. Parsons ◽  
Dominic Travis ◽  
Elizabeth V. Lonsdorf ◽  
Iddi Lipende ◽  
Dawn M. Anthony Roellig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Domesticated Animals ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp

scholarly journals Determination of Cryptosporidium spp. in Van cats by nested PCR

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 6008-2018
Author(s):  
ÖZLEM ORUNÇ KILINÇ ◽  
ALI BILGIN YILMAZ ◽  
YASAR GÖZ ◽  
CUMALI ÖZKAN ◽  
VURAL DENIZHAN
Keyword(s):  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Staining Method ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Concentration Method ◽  
Staining Methods ◽  
Stool Samples

The present study was conducted to investigate the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. agents in cats from the Turkish Van Cat Shelter at YüzüncüYıl University by a modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method and nested PCR. Individual stool samples were obtained from 30 adult females, 30 adult males and 40 kittens – a total of 100 Van cats were analyzed in the study. A simplified formol-ether concentration method was applied to all samples. The samples were then examined microscopically by a modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method. As a result of the staining, Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were identified in stool samples of 3 kittens in the microscopic examination. After that, PCR and nested-PCR were conducted with suitable primers. Nested PCR identified 5 kittens (5%) as positive. As a result, it was concluded that nested PCR was a superior diagnostic method for Cryptosporidium diagnosis compared with staining methods and that infected cats could be a health hazard for other cats and individuals, since Cryptosporidium spp. agents infect via the faecal-oral route. Therefore, we believe it is necessary to raise the awareness of people in contact with cats..

scholarly journals Highlights in Veterinary Entomology, 2020: The Importance of the Contributions of Government Scientists to Research in Veterinary Entomology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly H Lohmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Domesticated Animals ◽  
Veterinary Entomology

Abstract The field of veterinary entomology is primarily associated with the study of arthropods that impact the health of animals. Papers featured in the compilation of highlighted research from 2020 focused on studies conducted by scientists from the federal government that sought to understand and manage arthropods associated with wild and domesticated animals. The topics of these articles included research from the basic tenets of veterinary entomology: 1) biology and ecology of economically important pests, 2) novel control tactics and resistance management, 3) genomics, and 4) pathogen transmission. Key findings of the highlighted papers are presented and discussed to serve as a presentation record.

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