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Antibiotics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Samy Selim ◽  
Mohammed S. Almuhayawi ◽  
Shadi Ahmed Zakai ◽  
Ahmed Attia Salama ◽  
Mona Warrad

Plesiomonas shigelloides are gram-negative, thermotolerant, motile, and pleomorphic microorganisms that are only distantly related to those of the Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae families. One of the most common sources of P. shigelloides contamination is human stool, but it may also be found in a wide range of other animals, plants, and aquatic habitats. Antimicrobial resistance in P. shigelloides from seawater and shellfish was investigated, and pathogenicity involved genes were characterized as part of this study. Out of 384 samples of shellfish, 5.7% included P. shigelloides. The presence of P. shigelloides was also discovered in 5% of the seawater sampled. The antimicrobial resistance of 23 P. shigelloides isolates derived from those samples was investigated. All isolates were sensitive to nalidixic acid, carbenicillin, cephalothin, erythromycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin in the study. Several strains isolated from diseased shellfish were tested for virulence in shellfish by intraperitoneal injections. The LD50 values ranged from 12 × 108 to 3 × 1012 cfu/shellfish. When looking for possible virulence factors that may play a significant role in bacterial infection in the current study, we found that all of these genes were present in these strains. These include genes such as elastase, lipase, flagellin, enterotoxin, and DNases. According to these findings, shellfish may serve as a reservoir for multi-resistant P. shigelloides and help spread virulence genes across the environment.


Metabolites ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Ambrin Farizah Babu ◽  
Ville Mikael Koistinen ◽  
Soile Turunen ◽  
Gloria Solano-Aguilar ◽  
Joseph F. Urban ◽  
...  

Sterols, bile acids, and acylcarnitines are key players in human metabolism. Precise annotations of these metabolites with mass spectrometry analytics are challenging because of the presence of several isomers and stereoisomers, variability in ionization, and their relatively low concentrations in biological samples. Herein, we present a sensitive and simple qualitative LC–MS/MS (liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry) method by utilizing a set of pure chemical standards to facilitate the identification and distribution of sterols, bile acids, and acylcarnitines in biological samples including human stool and plasma; mouse ileum, cecum, jejunum content, duodenum content, and liver; and pig bile, proximal colon, cecum, heart, stool, and liver. With this method, we detected 24 sterol, 32 bile acid, and 27 acylcarnitine standards in one analysis that were separated within 13 min by reversed-phase chromatography. Further, we observed different sterol, bile acid, and acylcarnitine profiles for the different biological samples across the different species. The simultaneous detection and annotation of sterols, bile acids, and acylcarnitines from reference standards and biological samples with high precision represents a valuable tool for screening these metabolites in routine scientific research.


2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Brian Bicknell ◽  
Ann Liebert ◽  
Craig S. McLachlan ◽  
Hosen Kiat

There is a paucity of information on the effect of photobiomodulation therapy on gut microbiome composition. Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder with few management options, although the gut microbiome has been suggested as a potential avenue of treatment. We retrospectively analysed the microbiome from human stool samples from a previously published study, which had demonstrated the efficacy of photobiomodulation to treat Parkinson’s patients’ symptoms. Specifically, we have observed changes in the microbiome of Parkinson’s patients after a 12-week treatment regimen with photobiomodulation to the abdomen, neck, head and nose. Noted were positive changes in the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F:B) ratio, which is often interpreted as a proxy for gut health.


2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1717
Author(s):  
Junaidi Junaidi ◽  
Umi Cahyaningsih ◽  
Trioso Purnawarman ◽  
Hadri Latif ◽  
Etih Sudarnika ◽  
...  

Amoeba that infects primates can also be found in humans and can be zoonotic. This study aims to identify the distribution of intestinal amoeba in the wild Long-Tailed Macaque (LTM) group located at Cot Murong, Kebun Mangga, and Tugu Zero Kilometer Monument (IZKM) in Sabang City, Aceh Province, Indonesia. A total of 177 stool samples from 59 tails from the three LTM groups were examined microscopically. The results of the examination confirmed seven species of intestinal amoeba, three of which belonged to the genus Entamoeba, namely the Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii complex, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba pölecki, and four other species from different genera, namely Iodamoeba butschlii, Blastocystis sp., Endolimax nana and Dientamoeba fragilis. The prevalence of intestinal amoeba in wild LTM in Sabang City was 57.6% (102/177). Dientamoeba fragilis was only found in the LTM group of Kebun Mangga. Entamoeba coli dominated the highest prevalence in all LTM groups. The LTM group located around Cot Murong and IZKM had a higher concentration of infection with intestinal amoeba than the Kebun Mangga location. The statistical tests showed a significant difference between the proportions of Iodamoeba butschlii, Endolimax nana and Dientamoeba fragilis, both found in the LTM Cot Murong, Kebun Mangga, or IZKM groups. This study is the first to report amoebic infection prevalence in the wild LTM group in Sabang City, Aceh Province. The pathogenic amoeba that cannot be distinguished microscopically from morphologically identical amoebae needs to be identified molecularly to identify variants and their potential as zoonotic agents. HIGHLIGHTS Intestinal amoeba species found in fecal samples of the wild long-tailed macaques group of Sabang City, Aceh Province, Indonesia, can also be found in human stool samples As many as three of the seven identified amoeba species, namely Entamoeba histolytica, Dientamoeba fragilis, and Blastocystis sp. is a pathogen that can cause diarrhea and colitis in humans and non-human primates The prevalence of amoeba infection in wild macaques in Sabang City is in the high category and tends to increase the incidence of infection in the macaque group, which has more susceptible individuals, namely infants, children, and females GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


Author(s):  
Magdaléna Krausová ◽  
Kolawole I. Ayeni ◽  
Lukas Wisgrill ◽  
Chibundu N. Ezekiel ◽  
Dominik Braun ◽  
...  

AbstractInfants are sensitive to negative effects caused by food contaminants such as mycotoxins. To date, analytical methods assessing mycotoxin mixture exposure in infant stool are absent. Herein, we present a novel multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS assay capable of detecting 30+ analytes including the regulated mycotoxin classes (aflatoxins, trichothecenes, ochratoxins, zearalenone, citrinin), emerging Alternaria and Fusarium toxins, and several key metabolites. Sample preparation consisted of a ‘dilute, filter, and shoot’ approach. The method was in-house validated and demonstrated that 25 analytes fulfilled all required criteria despite the high diversity of chemical structures included. Extraction recoveries for most of the analytes were in the range of 65–114% with standard deviations below 30% and limits of detection between 0.03 and 11.3 ng/g dry weight. To prove the methods’ applicability, 22 human stool samples from premature Austrian infants (n = 12) and 12-month-old Nigerian infants (n = 10) were analyzed. The majority of the Nigerian samples were contaminated with alternariol monomethyl ether (8/10) and fumonisin B1 (8/10), while fumonisin B2 and citrinin were quantified in some samples. No mycotoxins were detected in any of the Austrian samples. The method can be used for sensitive human biomonitoring (HBM) purposes and to support exposure and, potentially, risk assessment of mycotoxins. Moreover, it allows for investigating potential associations between toxicant exposure and the infants’ developing gut microbiome. Graphical abstract


2021 ◽  
Vol 204 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Zgheib ◽  
Ahmad Ibrahim ◽  
Hussein Anani ◽  
Sokhna Ndongo ◽  
Melhem Bilen ◽  
...  

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 883
Author(s):  
Emma L. Betts ◽  
Jamie M. Newton ◽  
Gary S. Thompson ◽  
Fakhriddin Sarzhanov ◽  
Vasana Jinatham ◽  
...  

Blastocystis is an obligate anaerobic microbial eukaryote that frequently inhabits the gastrointestinal tract. Despite this prevalence, very little is known about the extent of its genetic diversity, pathogenicity, and interaction with the rest of the microbiome and its host. Although the organism is morphologically static, it has no less than 28 genetically distinct subtypes (STs). Reports on the pathogenicity of Blastocystis are conflicting. The association between Blastocystis and intestinal bacterial communities is being increasingly explored. Nonetheless, similar investigations extending to the metabolome are non-existent.Using established NMR metabolomics protocols in 149 faecal samples from individuals from South Korea (n = 38), Thailand (n = 44) and Turkey (n = 69), we have provided a snapshot of the core metabolic compounds present in human stools with (B+) and without (B−) Blastocystis. Samples included hosts with gastrointestinal symptoms and asymptomatics. A total of nine, 62 and 98 significant metabolites were associated with Blastocystis carriage in the South Korean, Thai and Turkish sample sets respectively, with a number of metabolites increased in colonised groups. The metabolic profiles of B+ and B− samples from all countries were distinct and grouped separately in the partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Typical inflammation-related metabolites negatively associated with Blastocystis positive samples. This data will assist in directing future studies underlying the involvement of Blastocystis in physiological processes of both the gut microbiome and the host. Future studies using metabolome and microbiome data along with host physiology and immune responses information will contribute significantly towards elucidating the role of Blastocystis in health and disease.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen M. Panthagani ◽  
Kristi L. Hoffman ◽  
Abiodun Oluyomi ◽  
Jesus Sotelo ◽  
Christopher Stewart ◽  
...  

AbstractHurricane Harvey caused record-breaking, catastrophic flooding across the city of Houston. After floodwaters receded, several health concerns arose, including the potential adverse impact of exposure to mold in flooded homes. We rapidly launched the Houston Hurricane Harvey Health Study to evaluate if microbiome sampling in the wake of a disaster could inform flood-associated environmental exposures and adverse health outcomes. We enrolled a total of 347 subjects at 1-month and 12-months post-Harvey, collecting human (stool, nasal, saliva) and environmental (house swab) samples to profile the bacterial and fungal microbiota. Here we show reported exposure to mold was associated with increased risk of allergic symptoms for up to one year post-disaster, and that butyrate-producing bacteria in the gut were linked to protection from allergic symptoms in mold-exposed individuals. Together, these data provide new insights into how microbiome:environment interactions may influence health in the setting of a flood-related disaster.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Hua ◽  
Cem Meydan ◽  
Evan E. Afshin ◽  
Loukia Lili ◽  
Christopher R. D’Adamo ◽  
...  

AbstractWhile a range of methods for stool collection exist, many require complicated, self-directed protocols and stool transfer. In this study, we introduce and validate a novel, wipe-based approach to fecal sample collection and stabilization for metagenomics analysis. A total of 72 samples were collected across four different preservation types: freezing at -20°C, room temperature storage, a commercial DNA preservation kit, and DESS (dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, sodium chloride) solution. These samples were sequenced and analyzed for taxonomic abundance metrics, metabolic pathway classification, and diversity analysis. Overall, the DESS wipe results validated the use of a wipe-based capture method to collect stool samples for microbiome analysis, showing an R2 of 0.96 for species across all kingdoms, as well as exhibiting a maintenance of Shannon diversity (3.1-3.3) and species richness (151-159) compared to frozen samples. Moreover, DESS showed comparable performance to the commercially available preservation kit (R2 of 0.98), and samples consistently clustered by subject across each method. Future studies will be needed to further explore sample processing options and their applications in non-healthy subjects, particularly patients with irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and colorectal cancer, but these data suggest the DESS wipe method can be used for stable, room temperature collection and transport of human stool specimens.


Gut Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dainius Uljanovas ◽  
Greta Gölz ◽  
Vanessa Brückner ◽  
Audrone Grineviciene ◽  
Egle Tamuleviciene ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Members of the genus Arcobacter are considered as emerging zoonotic food and waterborne pathogens that cause gastroenteritis and bacteremia in humans. However, the potential risk that Arcobacter species pose to public health remains unassessed in various countries, including Baltic states. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and presence of putative virulence genes of Arcobacter isolates recovered from humans, food products and environmental water in Lithuania. Results A total of 1862 samples were collected and examined from 2018 to 2020 in the city of Kaunas. Overall, 11.2% (n = 208) of the samples were positive for the presence of Arcobacter spp. The highest prevalence was detected in chicken meat (36%), followed by environmental water (28.1%), raw cow milk (25%), ready-to-eat salad mixes (7.1%) and human stool (1.7%). A. butzleri was the most frequently isolated species (n = 192; 92.3%), followed by A. cryaerophilus (n = 16; 7.7%). Arcobacter spp. antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed unimodally distributed aggregated minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for gentamicin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin and erythromycin. However, a bimodal distribution for azithromycin was found with 96.2% of determined MICs above the epidemiological cut-off value (ECOFF) defined for Campylobacter jejuni (0.25 µg/ml). Majority of the Arcobacter isolates (n = 187; 89.9%) showed high susceptibility to ciprofloxacin with MICs below or equal to the ECOFF value of 0.5 µg/ml. The putative virulence genes cadF (100%), ciaB (100%), cj1349 (99%), tlyA (99%), mviN (97.9%) and pldA (95.8%) were the predominant genes detected among A. butzleri isolates. In contrast, the mviN and ciaB genes were present in all, whereas cj1349 (12.5%), tlyA (25%) and hecA (12.5%) were only detected in few A. cryaerophilus isolates. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that food products and environmental water in Lithuania are frequently contaminated with Arcobacter spp. that carry multiple putative virulence genes. Furthermore, A. butzleri were isolated from 1.7% of inpatients. Fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides were found to be more effective against Arcobacter in comparison to other antimicrobial agents. However, further studies are needed to determine the pathogenic mechanisms and factors that facilitate the spread of Arcobacter infections.


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