Complete Genome Sequence of an Avian-Origin H3N2 Canine Influenza A Virus Isolated in Farmed Dogs in Southern China

We report here the complete genomic sequence of an avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza A virus containing multiple mutations in farmed dogs in southern China. Phylogenetic analyses of the sequences of all eight viral RNA segments demonstrated that these are wholly avian influenza viruses of the Asia lineage. To our knowledge, this is the first report of interspecies transmission of an avian H3N2 influenza virus to domestic farm dogs under natural conditions in Southern China. The amino acid information provided herein suggests that continued study is required to determine if this virus could be established in the farm dog population and pose potential threats to public health.

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Experimental Infection of Dogs with Avian-Origin Canine Influenza A Virus (H3N2)

Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽

10.3201/eid1501.080755 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 56-58 ◽

Cited By ~ 80

Author(s):

Daesub Song ◽

Chulseung Lee ◽

Bokyu Kang ◽

Kwonil Jung ◽

Taehoon Oh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A Virus ◽

Experimental Infection ◽

Influenza A ◽

Avian Origin ◽

Canine Influenza ◽

Canine Influenza A Virus

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H5N1 Influenza A Virus PB1-F2 Relieves HAX-1-Mediated Restriction of Avian Virus Polymerase PA in Human Lung Cells

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.00425-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 92 (11) ◽

pp. e00425-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

B. Mazel-Sanchez ◽

I. Boal-Carvalho ◽

F. Silva ◽

R. Dijkman ◽

M. Schmolke

Keyword(s):

Influenza A Virus ◽

Influenza A ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Zoonotic Transmission ◽

Restriction Factor ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Human Lung Cells ◽

Enzymatic Function ◽

H5n1 Influenza ◽

Avian Origin

ABSTRACTHighly pathogenic influenza A viruses (IAV) from avian hosts were first reported to directly infect humans 20 years ago. However, such infections are rare events, and our understanding of factors promoting or restricting zoonotic transmission is still limited. One accessory protein of IAV, PB1-F2, was associated with pathogenicity of pandemic and zoonotic IAV. This short (90-amino-acid) peptide does not harbor an enzymatic function. We thus identified host factors interacting with H5N1 PB1-F2, which could explain its importance for virulence. PB1-F2 binds to HCLS1-associated protein X1 (HAX-1), a recently identified host restriction factor of the PA subunit of IAV polymerase complexes. We demonstrate that the PA of a mammal-adapted H1N1 IAV is resistant to HAX-1 imposed restriction, while the PA of an avian-origin H5N1 IAV remains sensitive. We also showed HAX-1 sensitivity for PAs of A/Brevig Mission/1/1918 (H1N1) and A/Shanghai/1/2013 (H7N9), two avian-origin zoonotic IAV. Inhibition of H5N1 polymerase by HAX-1 can be alleviated by its PB1-F2 through direct competition. Accordingly, replication of PB1-F2-deficient H5N1 IAV is attenuated in the presence of large amounts of HAX-1. Mammal-adapted H1N1 and H3N2 viruses do not display this dependence on PB1-F2 for efficient replication in the presence of HAX-1. We propose that PB1-F2 plays a key role in zoonotic transmission of avian H5N1 IAV into humans.IMPORTANCEAquatic and shore birds are the natural reservoir of influenza A viruses from which the virus can jump into a variety of bird and mammal host species, including humans. H5N1 influenza viruses are a good model for this process. They pose an ongoing threat to human and animal health due to their high mortality rates. However, it is currently unclear what restricts these interspecies jumps on the host side or what promotes them on the virus side. Here we show that a short viral peptide, PB1-F2, helps H5N1 bird influenza viruses to overcome a human restriction factor of the viral polymerase complex HAX-1. Interestingly, we found that human influenza A virus polymerase complexes are already adapted to HAX-1 and do not require this function of PB1-F2. We thus propose that a functional full-length PB1-F2 supports direct transmission of bird viruses into humans.

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Avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza A viruses in Southern China

Infection Genetics and Evolution ◽

10.1016/j.meegid.2010.08.010 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1286-1288 ◽

Cited By ~ 108

Author(s):

Shoujun Li ◽

Zhihai Shi ◽

Peirong Jiao ◽

Guihong Zhang ◽

Zhiwen Zhong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Southern China ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Avian Origin ◽

Canine Influenza

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No evidence of horizontal infection in horses kept in close contact with dogs experimentally infected with canine influenza A virus (H3N8)

Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica ◽

10.1186/1751-0147-54-25 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Takashi Yamanaka ◽

Manabu Nemoto ◽

Hiroshi Bannai ◽

Koji Tsujimura ◽

Takashi Kondo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A Virus ◽

Influenza A ◽

Close Contact ◽

Canine Influenza ◽

Canine Influenza A Virus

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Evolution and Molecular Epidemiology of H9N2 Influenza A Viruses from Quail in Southern China, 2000 to 2005

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.02316-06 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 81 (6) ◽

pp. 2635-2645 ◽

Cited By ~ 128

Author(s):

K. M. Xu ◽

K. S. Li ◽

G. J. D. Smith ◽

J. W. Li ◽

H. Tai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Influenza A ◽

Southern China ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Laboratory Findings ◽

Virus Surveillance ◽

Important Host ◽

Pandemic Strains

ABSTRACT H9N2 influenza viruses have become established and maintain long-term endemicity in terrestrial poultry in Asian countries. Occasionally these viruses transmit to other mammals, including humans. Increasing epidemiological and laboratory findings suggest that quail may be an important host, as they are susceptible to different subtypes of influenza viruses. To better understand the role of quail in influenza virus ecology and evolution, H9N2 viruses isolated from quail during 2000 to 2005 were antigenically and genetically characterized. Our results showed that H9N2 viruses are prevalent year-round in southern China and replicate mainly asymptomatically in the respiratory tract of quail. Genetic analysis revealed that both the G1-like and Ck/Bei-like H9N2 lineages were cocirculating in quail since 2000. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that most of the isolates tested were double- or multiple-reassortant variants, with four G1-like and 16 Ck/Bei-like genotypes recognized. A novel genotype of G1-like virus became predominant in quail since 2003, while multiple Ck/Bei-like genotypes were introduced into quail, wherein they incorporated G1-like gene segments, but none of them became established in this host. Those Ck/Bei-like reassortants generated in quail have then been introduced into other poultry. These complex interactions form a two-way transmission system between quail and other types of poultry. The present study provides evidence that H9N2 and H5N1 subtype viruses have also exchanged gene segments to generate currently circulating reassortants of both subtypes that have pandemic potential. Continuing influenza virus surveillance in poultry is critical to understanding the genesis and emergence of potentially pandemic strains in this region.

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Influenza A Virus Strains Differ in Sensitivity to the Antiviral Action of Mx-GTPase

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.01753-07 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 82 (7) ◽

pp. 3624-3631 ◽

Cited By ~ 104

Author(s):

Jan Dittmann ◽

Silke Stertz ◽

Daniel Grimm ◽

John Steel ◽

Adolfo García-Sastre ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A Virus ◽

Influenza A ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Host Responses ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Species Barrier ◽

Spanish Flu ◽

Avian Origin ◽

Flu Virus ◽

Virus Strains

ABSTRACT Interferon-mediated host responses are of great importance for controlling influenza A virus infections. It is well established that the interferon-induced Mx proteins possess powerful antiviral activities toward most influenza viruses. Here we analyzed a range of influenza A virus strains for their sensitivities to murine Mx1 and human MxA proteins and found remarkable differences. Virus strains of avian origin were highly sensitive to Mx1, whereas strains of human origin showed much weaker responses. Artificial reassortments of the viral components in a minireplicon system identified the viral nucleoprotein as the main target structure of Mx1. Interestingly, the recently reconstructed 1918 H1N1 “Spanish flu” virus was much less sensitive than the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 strain A/Vietnam/1203/04 when tested in a minireplicon system. Importantly, the human 1918 virus-based minireplicon system was almost insensitive to inhibition by human MxA, whereas the avian influenza A virus H5N1-derived system was well controlled by MxA. These findings suggest that Mx proteins provide a formidable hurdle that hinders influenza A viruses of avian origin from crossing the species barrier to humans. They further imply that the observed insensitivity of the 1918 virus-based replicon to the antiviral activity of human MxA is a hitherto unrecognized characteristic of the “Spanish flu” virus that may contribute to the high virulence of this unusual pandemic strain.

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Origins and Evolutionary Dynamics of H3N2 Canine Influenza Virus

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.03395-14 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 89 (10) ◽

pp. 5406-5418 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Henan Zhu ◽

Joseph Hughes ◽

Pablo R. Murcia

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

North American ◽

Influenza A ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Canine Influenza Virus ◽

Zoonotic Infections ◽

Avian Origin ◽

Canine Influenza

ABSTRACTInfluenza A viruses (IAVs) are maintained mainly in wild birds, and despite frequent spillover infections of avian IAVs into mammals, only a small number of viruses have become established in mammalian hosts. A new H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) of avian origin emerged in Asia in the mid-2000s and is now circulating in dog populations of China and South Korea, and possibly in Thailand. The emergence of CIV provides new opportunities for zoonotic infections and interspecies transmission. We examined 14,764 complete IAV genomes together with all CIV genomes publicly available since its first isolation until 2013. We show that CIV may have originated as early as 1999 as a result of segment reassortment among Eurasian and North American avian IAV lineages. We also identified amino acid changes that might have played a role in CIV emergence, some of which have not been previously identified in other cross-species jumps. CIV evolves at a lower rate than H3N2 human influenza viruses do, and viral phylogenies exhibit geographical structure compatible with high levels of local transmission. We detected multiple intrasubtypic and heterosubtypic reassortment events, including the acquisition of the NS segment of an H5N1 avian influenza virus that had previously been overlooked. In sum, our results provide insight into the adaptive changes required by avian viruses to establish themselves in mammals and also highlight the potential role of dogs to act as intermediate hosts in which viruses with zoonotic and/or pandemic potential could originate, particularly with an estimated dog population of ∼700 million.IMPORTANCEInfluenza A viruses circulate in humans and animals. This multihost ecology has important implications, as past pandemics were caused by IAVs carrying gene segments of both human and animal origin. Adaptive evolution is central to cross-species jumps, and this is why understanding the evolutionary processes that shape influenza A virus genomes is key to elucidating the mechanisms underpinning viral emergence. An avian-origin canine influenza virus (CIV) has recently emerged in dogs and is spreading in Asia. We reconstructed the evolutionary history of CIV and show that it originated from both Eurasian and North American avian lineages. We also identified the mutations that might have been responsible for the cross-species jump. Finally, we provide evidence of multiple reassortment events between CIV and other influenza viruses (including an H5N1 avian virus). This is a cause for concern, as there is a large global dog population to which humans are highly exposed.

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Isolation and Characterization of H4N6 Avian Influenza Viruses from Pigs with Pneumonia in Canada

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.74.19.9322-9327.2000 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 74 (19) ◽

pp. 9322-9327 ◽

Cited By ~ 132

Author(s):

Alexander I. Karasin ◽

Ian H. Brown ◽

Suzanne Carman ◽

Christopher W. Olsen

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Influenza A ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Interspecies Transmission ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Avian Influenza Viruses ◽

The North ◽

Isolation And Characterization

ABSTRACT In October 1999, H4N6 influenza A viruses were isolated from pigs with pneumonia on a commercial swine farm in Canada. Phylogenetic analyses of the sequences of all eight viral RNA segments demonstrated that these are wholly avian influenza viruses of the North American lineage. To our knowledge, this is the first report of interspecies transmission of an avian H4 influenza virus to domestic pigs under natural conditions.

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Genetic and pathogenic characteristics of H1 avian and swine influenza A viruses

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/vir.0.065524-0 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 95 (10) ◽

pp. 2118-2126 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hyun-Mi Kang ◽

Eun-Kyoung Lee ◽

Byung-Min Song ◽

Jipseol Jeong ◽

Hye-Ryoung Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Wild Bird ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Interspecies Transmission ◽

Post Inoculation ◽

Domestic Duck ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Domestic Ducks

This study examined the potential for cross-species transmission of influenza viruses by comparing the genetic and pathogenic characteristics of H1 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) with different host origins in Korea. Antigenic and phylogenetic analyses of H1 AIVs circulating in Korea provided evidence of genetic similarity between viruses that infect domestic ducks and those that infect wild birds, although there was no relationship between avian and swine viruses. However, there were some relationships between swine and human viral genes. The replication and pathogenicity of the H1 viruses was assessed in chickens, domestic ducks and mice. Viral shedding in chickens was relatively high. Virus was recovered from both oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs up to 5–10 days post-inoculation. The titres of domestic duck viruses in chickens were much higher than those of wild-bird viruses. Both domestic duck and wild-bird viruses replicated poorly in domestic ducks. None of the swine viruses replicated in chickens or domestic ducks; however, six viruses showed relatively high titres in mice, regardless of host origin, and induced clinical signs such as ruffled fur, squatting and weight loss. Thus, although the phylogenetic and antigenic analyses showed no evidence of interspecies transmission between birds and swine, the results suggest that Korean H1 viruses have the potential to cause disease in mammals. Therefore, we should intensify continuous monitoring of avian H1 viruses in mammals and seek to prevent interspecies transmission.

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