scholarly journals Efficiency of reinitiation of translation on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mRNAs is determined by the length of the upstream open reading frame and by intercistronic distance.

1995 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 4086-4094 ◽  
Author(s):  
B G Luukkonen ◽  
W Tan ◽  
S Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Open Reading Frame ◽  
Upstream Open Reading Frame ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Mechanism of translation of monocistronic and multicistronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mRNAs

1992 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Schwartz ◽  
B K Felber ◽  
G N Pavlakis
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Cdna Clones ◽  
Leaky Scanning ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Env Protein ◽  
Hiv 1

We have used a panel of cDNA clones expressing wild-type and mutant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) mRNAs to study translation of these mRNAs in eucaryotic cells. The tat open reading frame (ORF) has a strong signal for translation initiation, while rev and vpu ORFs have weaker signals. The expression of downstream ORFs is inhibited in mRNAs that contain the tat ORF as the first ORF. In contrast, downstream ORFs are expressed efficiently from mRNAs that have rev or vpu as the first ORF. All env mRNAs contain the upstream vpu ORF. Expression of HIV-1 Env protein requires a weak vpu AUG, which allows leaky scanning to occur, thereby allowing ribosomes access to the downstream env ORF. We concluded that HIV-1 mRNAs are translated by the scanning mechanism and that expression of more than one protein from each mRNA was caused by leaky scanning at the first AUG of the mRNA.

scholarly journals Extended nucleocapsid protein is cleaved from the Gag–Pol precursor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1

2001 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nissim Chen ◽  
Abraham Morag ◽  
Nava Almog ◽  
Immanuel Blumenzweig ◽  
Orna Dreazin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Cleavage Site ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Site Mutation ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag and Gag–Pol precursors are translated from an mRNA which is indistinguishable from the full-length genomic RNA. The ratio of Gag to Gag–Pol polyproteins is approximately 20:1 and is controlled by a frameshift of the reading frame, which takes place downstream of the p7 nucleocapsid (NC) in the N terminus of the p1 peptide. The viral precursors Gag and Gag–Pol are cleaved by the virus-encoded protease (PR) into the structural proteins, and into p6Pol, PR, reverse transcriptase and integrase. Due to the frameshift event, the cleavage site at the C terminus of NC coded in the Gag frame (ERQAN-FLGKI) changes either to ERQANFLRED or ERQANFFRED. The results presented in this report demonstrate that the NC released from the Gag–Pol precursor is 8 amino acid residues longer than the NC cleaved from the Gag polyprotein. Our results also show that truncated Gag–Pol precursors bearing cleavage site mutation at the NC/p6Pol, and/or p6Pol/PR junctions, undergo autoprocessing in bacterial and eukaryotic cells, indicating that PR is active when part of the precursor.

scholarly journals Antisense Transcripts and Antisense Protein: A New Perspective on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliette Savoret ◽  
Jean-Michel Mesnard ◽  
Antoine Gross ◽  
Nathalie Chazal
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Antisense Transcripts ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Hiv 1

It was first predicted in 1988 that there may be an Open Reading Frame (ORF) on the negative strand of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome that could encode a protein named AntiSense Protein (ASP). In spite of some controversy, reports began to emerge some years later describing the detection of HIV-1 antisense transcripts, the presence of ASP in transfected and infected cells, and the existence of an immune response targeting ASP. Recently, it was established that the asp gene is exclusively conserved within the pandemic group M of HIV-1. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on HIV-1 antisense transcripts and ASP, and we discuss their potential functions in HIV-1 infection together with the role played by antisense transcripts and ASPs in some other viruses. Finally, we suggest pathways raised by the study of antisense transcripts and ASPs that may warrant exploration in the future.

scholarly journals Repair of a Rev-Minus Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Mutant by Activation of a Cryptic Splice Site

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (7) ◽  
pp. 3495-3500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koen Verhoef ◽  
Patricia S. Bilodeau ◽  
Jeroen L. B. van Wamel ◽  
Jørgen Kjems ◽  
C. Martin Stoltzfus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Splice Site ◽  
Site Mutation ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Splicing Silencer ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Revertant Virus

ABSTRACT We isolated a revertant virus after prolonged culturing of a replication-impaired human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) mutant of which the Rev open reading frame was inactivated by mutation of the AUG translation initiation codon. Sequencing of the tat-rev region of this revertant virus identified a second-site mutation in tat that restored virus replication in the mutant background. This mutation activated a cryptic 5′ splice site (ss) that, when used in conjunction with the regular HIV 3′ ss #5, fuses the tat and revreading frames to encode a novel T-Rev fusion protein that rescues Rev function. We also demonstrate an alternative route to indirectly activate this cryptic 5′ ss by mutational inactivation of an adjacent exon splicing silencer element.

scholarly journals Mechanism of translation of monocistronic and multicistronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mRNAs.

1992 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Schwartz ◽  
B K Felber ◽  
G N Pavlakis
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Cdna Clones ◽  
Leaky Scanning ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Env Protein ◽  
Hiv 1

We have used a panel of cDNA clones expressing wild-type and mutant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) mRNAs to study translation of these mRNAs in eucaryotic cells. The tat open reading frame (ORF) has a strong signal for translation initiation, while rev and vpu ORFs have weaker signals. The expression of downstream ORFs is inhibited in mRNAs that contain the tat ORF as the first ORF. In contrast, downstream ORFs are expressed efficiently from mRNAs that have rev or vpu as the first ORF. All env mRNAs contain the upstream vpu ORF. Expression of HIV-1 Env protein requires a weak vpu AUG, which allows leaky scanning to occur, thereby allowing ribosomes access to the downstream env ORF. We concluded that HIV-1 mRNAs are translated by the scanning mechanism and that expression of more than one protein from each mRNA was caused by leaky scanning at the first AUG of the mRNA.

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