Regulatory elements mediating transcription from the Drosophila melanogaster actin 5C proximal promoter

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 206-216
Author(s):  
Y T Chung ◽  
E B Keller
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Transient Expression ◽  
Promoter Activity ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Proximal Promoter ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase Gene ◽  
Constitutive Synthesis

The major cytoskeletal actin gene of Drosophila melanogaster, the actin 5C gene, has two promoters, the proximal one of which controls constitutive synthesis of actin in all growing tissues. To locate regulatory elements required for constitutive activity of the proximal promoter, mutants of this promoter were fused to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene and assayed for transient expression activity in cultured Drosophila embryonic Schneider line 2 cells. An essential regulatory element has been located 313 base pairs upstream from the cap site. Deletion of this element lowered expression to one-third of the wild-type level. The element has the sequence AAGTTGTAGTTG, as shown by protein-binding footprinting with the reagent methidiumpropyl-EDTA-Fe(II). This element is probably not a general one, since it was not detected in a search of the published 5'-flanking sequences of 27 Drosophila genes. In addition to this regulatory element, there are five GAGA elements in the actin 5C proximal promoter, some or all of which are essential for the promoter activity as shown by an in vivo competition assay. Although this promoter has no classical TATA element, there is an essential promoter region about 35 base pairs upstream from the cap site that could be a TATA surrogate. The promoter also shows sequences homologous to the alcohol dehydrogenase factor 1-binding site and to the core of the vertebrate serum response element, but mutations of these sites did not affect promoter activity in transient expression assays.

scholarly journals Regulatory elements mediating transcription from the Drosophila melanogaster actin 5C proximal promoter.

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 206-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y T Chung ◽  
E B Keller
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Transient Expression ◽  
Promoter Activity ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Proximal Promoter ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase Gene ◽  
Constitutive Synthesis

The major cytoskeletal actin gene of Drosophila melanogaster, the actin 5C gene, has two promoters, the proximal one of which controls constitutive synthesis of actin in all growing tissues. To locate regulatory elements required for constitutive activity of the proximal promoter, mutants of this promoter were fused to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene and assayed for transient expression activity in cultured Drosophila embryonic Schneider line 2 cells. An essential regulatory element has been located 313 base pairs upstream from the cap site. Deletion of this element lowered expression to one-third of the wild-type level. The element has the sequence AAGTTGTAGTTG, as shown by protein-binding footprinting with the reagent methidiumpropyl-EDTA-Fe(II). This element is probably not a general one, since it was not detected in a search of the published 5'-flanking sequences of 27 Drosophila genes. In addition to this regulatory element, there are five GAGA elements in the actin 5C proximal promoter, some or all of which are essential for the promoter activity as shown by an in vivo competition assay. Although this promoter has no classical TATA element, there is an essential promoter region about 35 base pairs upstream from the cap site that could be a TATA surrogate. The promoter also shows sequences homologous to the alcohol dehydrogenase factor 1-binding site and to the core of the vertebrate serum response element, but mutations of these sites did not affect promoter activity in transient expression assays.

Positive and negative regulatory elements mediating transcription from the Drosophila melanogaster actin 5C distal promoter

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 6172-6180
Author(s):  
Y T Chung ◽  
E B Keller
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Transient Expression ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Positive Element ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Expression Activity ◽  
Replacement Experiment ◽  
Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase Gene ◽  
Distal Promoter

The major cytoskeletal actin gene of Drosophila melanogaster, the actin 5C gene, has two promoters, the distal one of which controls synthesis of actin in a tissue- and developmental stage-specific manner. This very strong promoter has widely been used for expression of heterologous genes in cultured cells. To locate functional regulatory elements in this distal promoter, mutants of the promoter were fused to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene and assayed for transient expression activity in cultured Drosophila embryonic Schneider line 2 cells. The results showed that the upstream end of the promoter extends to 522 bp from the transcription start site. In addition, there are two remote activating regions about 2 kb upstream. Between -522 and -379 are two regions that exert a strong negative effect. Downstream from these negative regions are at least six positive regions and a TATA element. The strongest positive determinant of the promoter was identified at -320 as AAAATGTG by footprinting and by a replacement experiment. When the relevant region was replaced by a synthetic sequence containing this element in a random context, the transient expression activity was restored. The sequence TGTATG located at -355 was also identified as a positive element by a similar replacement approach. Apparently the very high activity of this promoter is the result of the combined activities of multiple factors.

scholarly journals Positive and negative regulatory elements mediating transcription from the Drosophila melanogaster actin 5C distal promoter.

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 6172-6180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y T Chung ◽  
E B Keller
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Transient Expression ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Positive Element ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Expression Activity ◽  
Replacement Experiment ◽  
Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase Gene ◽  
Distal Promoter

The major cytoskeletal actin gene of Drosophila melanogaster, the actin 5C gene, has two promoters, the distal one of which controls synthesis of actin in a tissue- and developmental stage-specific manner. This very strong promoter has widely been used for expression of heterologous genes in cultured cells. To locate functional regulatory elements in this distal promoter, mutants of the promoter were fused to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene and assayed for transient expression activity in cultured Drosophila embryonic Schneider line 2 cells. The results showed that the upstream end of the promoter extends to 522 bp from the transcription start site. In addition, there are two remote activating regions about 2 kb upstream. Between -522 and -379 are two regions that exert a strong negative effect. Downstream from these negative regions are at least six positive regions and a TATA element. The strongest positive determinant of the promoter was identified at -320 as AAAATGTG by footprinting and by a replacement experiment. When the relevant region was replaced by a synthetic sequence containing this element in a random context, the transient expression activity was restored. The sequence TGTATG located at -355 was also identified as a positive element by a similar replacement approach. Apparently the very high activity of this promoter is the result of the combined activities of multiple factors.

scholarly journals Cholesterogenic Lanosterol 14α-Demethylase (CYP51) Is an Immediate Early Response Gene

Endocrinology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 146 (12) ◽  
pp. 5321-5331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Fink ◽  
Jure Ačimovič ◽  
Tadeja Režen ◽  
Nataša Tanšek ◽  
Damjana Rozman
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Feedback Regulation ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Immediate Early ◽  
Proximal Promoter ◽  
Inducible Camp Early Repressor ◽  
Sterol Regulatory Element

Lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) responds to cholesterol feedback regulation through sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs). The proximal promoter of CYP51 contains a conserved region with clustered regulatory elements: GC box, cAMP-response elements (CRE-like), and sterol regulatory element (SRE). In lipid-rich (SREBP-poor) conditions, the CYP51 mRNA drops gradually, the promoter activity is diminished, and no DNA-protein complex is observed at the CYP51-SRE1 site. The majority of cAMP-dependent transactivation is mediated through a single CRE (CYP51-CRE2). Exposure of JEG-3 cells to forskolin, a mediator of the cAMP-dependent signaling pathway, provokes an immediate early response of CYP51, which has not been described before for any cholesterogenic gene. The CYP51 mRNA increases up to 4-fold in 2 h and drops to basal level after 4 h. The inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER) is involved in attenuation of transcription. Overexpressed CRE-binding protein (CREB)/CRE modulator (CREM) transactivates the mouse/human CYP51 promoters containing CYP51-CRE2 independently of SREBPs, and ICER decreases the CREB-induced transcription. Besides the increased CYP51 mRNA, forskolin affects the de novo sterol biosynthesis in JEG-3 cells. An increased consumption of lanosterol, a substrate of CYP51, is observed together with modulation of the postlanosterol cholesterogenesis, indicating that cAMP-dependent stimuli cross-talk with cholesterol feedback regulation. CRE-2 is essential for cAMP-dependent transactivation, whereas SRE seems to be less important. Interestingly, when CREB is not limiting, the increasing amounts of SREBP-1a fail to transactivate the CYP51 promoter above the CREB-only level, suggesting that hormones might have an important role in regulating cholesterogenesis in vivo.

Prorenin and gene activation

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 1367-1374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Morris ◽  
D. Lynne Smith
Keyword(s):  
Transient Expression ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Gene Activation ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Transient Expression Assay ◽  
Nuclear Extracts

After the discovery of an inactive, putative renin precursor that could be proteolytically activated, and the proteases involved in vivo, Morris and co-workers directly demonstrated that renin is indeed synthesized as a "pro" form, and from genetic coding sequences they provided the structure of human prorenin. The gene is inactive and must be activated in prorenin-synthesizing tissues. To study the mechanism involved, we have performed transient expression analyses of putative regulatory DNA of the human gene (REN). 5′-Flanking DNA, extending from residue −144 to −2400, was linked to a reporter gene, viz. that for chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT), and its ability to drive a heterologous (thymidine kinase, tk) promoter was examined by transfecting plasmid constructs into ceils in culture and measuring CAT activity 48 h later. Because suitable renin-synthesizing cells were not available, choriocarcinoma (JEG-3) and cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells were used. Although this DNA caused a reduction in CAT activity relative to the positive control, examination of a range of subfragments suggested that the −2400 to −144 region did not contain negative regulatory elements. In contrast, all fragments containing the −149 to +13 DNA segment gave CAT activities that were lower than the promoterless control. Together, the data were consistent with the presence of negative regulatory element(s) in that fragment of DNA that contained the REN promoter. On the basis of mouse gene studies, it has been suggested that the inactivity of the renin gene in tissues that do not synthesize prorenin is not due to repression, but rather, cells that do express the gene may possess unique trans-acting factor(s) that stimulate enhancer(s) in the renin DNA, therefore activating the renin promoter. Nuclear extracts of JEG-3, but not HeLa, cells contained a binding activity for the −340 to −192 segment, but the relationship, if any, of this to the model proposed is unclear. Thus, having demonstrated the synthesis, structure, and activation of prorenin, the mechanism of activation of the gene represents the next challenge.Key words: gene regulation, transient expression assay, JEG-3 ceils, HeLa cells, prorenin.

scholarly journals S-phase-specific transcription regulatory elements are present in a replication-independent testis-specific H2B histone gene.

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1005-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Hwang ◽  
C B Chae
Keyword(s):  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
S Phase ◽  
Upstream Region ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Regulated Expression ◽  
Dna Fragment ◽  
Pachytene Spermatocytes

The testis-specific H2B histone (TH2B) gene is expressed in pachytene spermatocytes during meiotic prophase I in the absence of any significant DNA synthesis. Unlike somatic histones, synthesis of testis-specific histones is not affected by inhibitors of DNA synthesis. A genomic rat TH2B gene was cloned by using a DNA fragment derived from TH2B cDNA as a probe. Expression of the cloned TH2B was investigated by gene transfer experiments. From these studies, we found that the 5' upstream region of the cloned TH2B gene contained S-phase-specific transcription elements which regulated expression of a reporter gene in an S-phase-specific manner. The S-phase-regulatory element was found to be located in two regions containing CCAAT elements between -153 and -110 base pairs (bp) and an octamer element (ATTTGCAT) between -109 and -84 bp. The two regions were required for a maximal stimulation of transcription of the cloned TH2B gene in S phase. On the other hand, only the octamer element was reported be important for the S-phase-specific transcription of human H2B gene. Since the synthesis of the TH2B histone is independent of DNA synthesis and specific for pachytene spermatocytes in vivo, the presence of the S-phase-specific transcription regulatory elements in the TH2B gene is surprising.

scholarly journals S-phase-specific transcription regulatory elements are present in a replication-independent testis-specific H2B histone gene

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1005-1013
Author(s):  
I Hwang ◽  
C B Chae
Keyword(s):  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
S Phase ◽  
Upstream Region ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Regulated Expression ◽  
Dna Fragment ◽  
Pachytene Spermatocytes

The testis-specific H2B histone (TH2B) gene is expressed in pachytene spermatocytes during meiotic prophase I in the absence of any significant DNA synthesis. Unlike somatic histones, synthesis of testis-specific histones is not affected by inhibitors of DNA synthesis. A genomic rat TH2B gene was cloned by using a DNA fragment derived from TH2B cDNA as a probe. Expression of the cloned TH2B was investigated by gene transfer experiments. From these studies, we found that the 5' upstream region of the cloned TH2B gene contained S-phase-specific transcription elements which regulated expression of a reporter gene in an S-phase-specific manner. The S-phase-regulatory element was found to be located in two regions containing CCAAT elements between -153 and -110 base pairs (bp) and an octamer element (ATTTGCAT) between -109 and -84 bp. The two regions were required for a maximal stimulation of transcription of the cloned TH2B gene in S phase. On the other hand, only the octamer element was reported be important for the S-phase-specific transcription of human H2B gene. Since the synthesis of the TH2B histone is independent of DNA synthesis and specific for pachytene spermatocytes in vivo, the presence of the S-phase-specific transcription regulatory elements in the TH2B gene is surprising.

Transvection and Silencing of the Scr Homeotic Gene of Drosophila melanogaster

Genetics ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 161 (2) ◽  
pp. 733-746
Author(s):  
Jeffrey W Southworth ◽  
James A Kennison
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Chromosomal Aberrations ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Anomalous Behavior ◽  
Polycomb Group ◽  
Homeotic Gene ◽  
Polycomb Group Proteins ◽  
Sex Combs Reduced ◽  
In Cis

Abstract The Sex combs reduced (Scr) gene specifies the identities of the labial and first thoracic segments in Drosophila melanogaster. In imaginal cells, some Scr mutations allow cis-regulatory elements on one chromosome to stimulate expression of the promoter on the homolog, a phenomenon that was named transvection by Ed Lewis in 1954. Transvection at the Scr gene is blocked by rearrangements that disrupt pairing, but is zeste independent. Silencing of the Scr gene in the second and third thoracic segments, which requires the Polycomb group proteins, is disrupted by most chromosomal aberrations within the Scr gene. Some chromosomal aberrations completely derepress Scr even in the presence of normal levels of all Polycomb group proteins. On the basis of the pattern of chromosomal aberrations that disrupt Scr gene silencing, we propose a model in which two cis-regulatory elements interact to stabilize silencing of any promoter or cis-regulatory element physically between them. This model also explains the anomalous behavior of the Scx allele of the flanking homeotic gene, Antennapedia. This allele, which is associated with an insertion near the Antennapedia P1 promoter, inactivates the Antennapedia P1 and P2 promoters in cis and derepresses the Scr promoters both in cis and on the homologous chromosome.

Delimiting regulatory sequences of the Drosophila melanogaster Ddc gene

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 4548-4557
Author(s):  
J Hirsh ◽  
B A Morgan ◽  
S B Scholnick
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
P Element ◽  
Developmental Expression ◽  
Upstream Region ◽  
Regulatory Sequences ◽  
Flanking Sequences

We delimited sequences necessary for in vivo expression of the Drosophila melanogaster dopa decarboxylase gene Ddc. The expression of in vitro-altered genes was assayed following germ line integration via P-element vectors. Sequences between -209 and -24 were necessary for normally regulated expression, although genes lacking these sequences could be expressed at 10 to 50% of wild-type levels at specific developmental times. These genes showed components of normal developmental expression, which suggests that they retain some regulatory elements. All Ddc genes lacking the normal immediate 5'-flanking sequences were grossly deficient in larval central nervous system expression. Thus, this upstream region must contain at least one element necessary for this expression. A mutated Ddc gene without a normal TATA boxlike sequence used the normal RNA start points, indicating that this sequences is not required for start point specificity.

A Single Pitx1 Binding Site Is Essential for Activity of the LHβ Promoter in Transgenic Mice

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 734-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine C. Quirk ◽  
Kristen L. Lozada ◽  
Ruth A. Keri ◽  
John H. Nilson
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Binding Site ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Proximal Region ◽  
Expression Vectors ◽  
Homeodomain Protein

Abstract Reproduction depends on regulated expression of the LHβ gene. Tandem copies of regulatory elements that bind early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1) and steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) are located in the proximal region of the LHβ promoter and make essential contributions to its activity as well as mediate responsiveness to GnRH. Located between these tandem elements is a single site capable of binding the homeodomain protein Pitx1. From studies that employ overexpression paradigms performed in heterologous cell lines, it appears that Egr-1, SF-1, and Pitx1 interact cooperatively through a mechanism that does not require the binding of Pitx1 to its site. Since the physiological ramifications of these overexpression studies remain unclear, we reassessed the requirement for a Pitx1 element in the promoter of the LHβ gene using homologous cell lines and transgenic mice, both of which obviate the need for overexpression of transcription factors. Our analysis indicated a striking requirement for the Pitx1 regulatory element. When assayed by transient transfection using a gonadotrope-derived cell line (LβT2), an LHβ promoter construct harboring a mutant Pitx1 element displayed attenuated transcriptional activity but retained responsiveness to GnRH. In contrast, analysis of wild-type and mutant expression vectors in transgenic mice indicated that LHβ promoter activity is completely dependent on the presence of a functional Pitx1 binding site. Indeed, the dependence on an intact Pitx1 binding site in transgenic mice is so strict that responsiveness to GnRH is also lost, suggesting that the mutant promoter is inactive. Collectively, our data reinforce the concept that activity of the LHβ promoter is determined, in part, through highly cooperative interactions between SF-1, Egr-1, and Pitx1. While Egr-1 can be regarded as a key downstream effector of GnRH, and Pitx1 as a critical partner that activates SF-1, our data firmly establish that the Pitx1 element plays a vital role in permitting these functions to occur in vivo.

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