Structure and evolution of the U2 small nuclear RNA multigene family in primates: gene amplification under natural selection?

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 5876-5882
Author(s):  
A G Matera ◽  
A M Weiner ◽  
C W Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Tandem Repeat ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Repeat Unit ◽  
Intrinsic Property ◽  
Tandem Array ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Restriction Maps ◽  
Specific Sequence ◽  
Old World ◽  
Old World Monkey

The organization of U2 genes was compared in apes, Old World monkeys, and the prosimian galago. In humans and all apes (gibbon, orangutan, gorilla, and chimpanzee), the U2 genes were organized as a tandem repeat of a 6-kb element; however, the restriction maps of the 6-kb elements in these divergent species differed slightly, demonstrating that mechanisms must exist for maintaining sequence homogeneity within this tandem array. In Old World monkeys, the U2 genes were organized as a tandem repeat of an 11-kb element; the restriction maps of the 11-kb elements in baboon and two closely related macaques, bonnet and rhesus monkeys, also differed slightly, confirming that efficient sequence homogenization is an intrinsic property of the U2 tandem array. Interestingly, the 11-kb monkey repeat unit differed from the 6-kb hominid repeat unit by a 5-kb block of monkey-specific sequence. Finally, we found that the U2 genes of the prosimian galago were dispersed rather than tandemly repeated, suggesting that the hominid and Old World monkey U2 tandem arrays resulted from independent amplifications of a common ancestral U2 gene. Alternatively, the 5-kb monkey-specific sequence could have been inserted into the 6-kb array or deleted from the 11-kb array soon after divergence of the hominid and Old World monkey lineages.

scholarly journals Structure and evolution of the U2 small nuclear RNA multigene family in primates: gene amplification under natural selection?

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 5876-5882 ◽  
Author(s):  
A G Matera ◽  
A M Weiner ◽  
C W Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Tandem Repeat ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Repeat Unit ◽  
Intrinsic Property ◽  
Tandem Array ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Restriction Maps ◽  
Specific Sequence ◽  
Old World ◽  
Old World Monkey

The organization of U2 genes was compared in apes, Old World monkeys, and the prosimian galago. In humans and all apes (gibbon, orangutan, gorilla, and chimpanzee), the U2 genes were organized as a tandem repeat of a 6-kb element; however, the restriction maps of the 6-kb elements in these divergent species differed slightly, demonstrating that mechanisms must exist for maintaining sequence homogeneity within this tandem array. In Old World monkeys, the U2 genes were organized as a tandem repeat of an 11-kb element; the restriction maps of the 11-kb elements in baboon and two closely related macaques, bonnet and rhesus monkeys, also differed slightly, confirming that efficient sequence homogenization is an intrinsic property of the U2 tandem array. Interestingly, the 11-kb monkey repeat unit differed from the 6-kb hominid repeat unit by a 5-kb block of monkey-specific sequence. Finally, we found that the U2 genes of the prosimian galago were dispersed rather than tandemly repeated, suggesting that the hominid and Old World monkey U2 tandem arrays resulted from independent amplifications of a common ancestral U2 gene. Alternatively, the 5-kb monkey-specific sequence could have been inserted into the 6-kb array or deleted from the 11-kb array soon after divergence of the hominid and Old World monkey lineages.

scholarly journals Primitive Old World monkey from the earliest Miocene of Kenya and the evolution of cercopithecoid bilophodonty

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (13) ◽  
pp. 6051-6056 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Tab Rasmussen ◽  
Anthony R. Friscia ◽  
Mercedes Gutierrez ◽  
John Kappelman ◽  
Ellen R. Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Old World ◽  
Old World Monkey ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Key Steps ◽  
Molar Morphology ◽  
Critical Aspects

Old World monkeys (Cercopithecoidea) are a highly successful primate radiation, with more than 130 living species and the broadest geographic range of any extant group except humans. Although cercopithecoids are highly variable in habitat use, social behavior, and diet, a signature dental feature unites all of its extant members: bilophodonty (bi: two, loph: crest, dont: tooth), or the presence of two cross-lophs on the molars. This feature offers an adaptable Bauplan that, with small changes to its individual components, permits its members to process vastly different kinds of food. Old World monkeys diverged from apes perhaps 30 million years ago (Ma) according to molecular estimates, and the molar lophs are sometimes incompletely developed in fossil species, suggesting a mosaic origin for this key adaptation. However, critical aspects of the group’s earliest evolution remain unknown because the cercopithecoid fossil record before ∼18 Ma consists of only two isolated teeth, one from Uganda and one from Tanzania. Here we describe a primitive Old World monkey from Nakwai, Kenya, dated at ∼22 Ma, that offers direct evidence for the initial key steps in the evolution of the cercopithecoid dentition. The simple dentition and absence of bilophodonty in the Nakwai monkey indicate that the initial radiation of Old World monkeys was first characterized by a reorganization of basic molar morphology, and a reliance on cusps rather than lophs suggests frugivorous diets and perhaps hard object feeding. Bilophodonty evolved later, likely in response to the inclusion of leaves in the diet.

scholarly journals Pulmonary granuloma is not always the tuberculosis hallmark: pathological findings of different tuberculosis stages in New and Old World Nonhuman Primates naturally infected with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asheley H. B. Pereira ◽  
Claudia A. A. Lopes ◽  
Thalita A. Pissinatti ◽  
Ana C. A. Pinto ◽  
Daniel R. A. Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
New World ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Pathological Findings ◽  
Old World ◽  
Pulmonary Granuloma

Abstract Herein we present the pathological findings of different tuberculosis stages in Old and New World monkeys kept under human care in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and naturally infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex. Fifteen nonhuman primates from five different colonies were incorporated into the study. There are 60% (9/15) Old World Monkeys and 40% (6/15) New World Monkeys. According to the gross and histopathologic findings, the lesions in nonhuman primates of this study are classified into the chronic-active, extrapulmonary, early-activation or latent-reactivation tuberculosis stage. Among the Old World Monkey, 66.7% (6/9) of nonhuman primates, all rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), showed severe granulomatous pneumonia. In all Old World Monkeys cases, typical granulomas were seen in at least one organ regardless of the stage of the disease. In the New World Monkeys, the typical pulmonary granulomas were seen in 16.7% (1/6) of the cases, just in the latent-reactivation stage in Uta Hick’s Bearded Saki (Chiropotes utahickae). In this study, 66.7% (6/9) of Old World Monkeys (OWM) and 83.3% (5/6) of New World Monkeys (NWM) showed pulmonary changes at the histological evaluation. The tuberculosis diagnosis in the nonhuman primates in this study was based on pathological, immunohistochemical, molecular, and bacteriological culture. Although the typical presentation was observed in some cases, the absence of pulmonary granuloma did not exclude the tuberculosis occurrence in nonhuman primates of the Old and New World. Tuberculosis should be included as a cause of interstitial pneumonia with foamy macrophages infiltration in the New World nonhuman primates. Due to the high sensitivity of immunohistochemistry with Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we suggest the addition of this technique as a diagnostic tool of tuberculosis in the nonhuman primates even when the typical changes are not seen.

scholarly journals Complete genome sequence of simian adenovirus 1: an Old World monkey adenovirus with two fiber genes

2005 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 1681-1686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gábor M. Kovács ◽  
Balázs Harrach ◽  
Alexander N. Zakhartchouk ◽  
Andrew J. Davison
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome Sequence ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Vaccine Production ◽  
Old World ◽  
Old World Monkey ◽  
Poliomyelitis Vaccine ◽  
Simian Adenovirus ◽  
Six Genes

Simian adenovirus 1 (SAdV-1) is one of many adenovirus strains that were isolated from Old World monkey cells during poliomyelitis vaccine production several decades ago. Despite the availability of these viruses, knowledge of their genetic content and phylogeny is rudimentary. In the present study, the genome sequence of SAdV-1 (34 450 bp) was determined and analysed. In regions where genetic content varies between primate adenoviruses, SAdV-1 has a single virus-associated RNA gene, six genes in each of the E3 and E4 regions and two fiber genes. SAdV-1 clusters phylogenetically with HAdV-40, a member of human adenovirus species HAdV-F, which also has two fiber genes. However, based on phylogenetic distances and other taxonomic criteria, SAdV-1 is proposed to represent a novel adenovirus species.

Genes Selectively Expressed in the Visual Cortex of the Old World Monkey

2013 ◽  
pp. 263-276
Author(s):  
Yusuke Komatsu ◽  
Shigeko Toita ◽  
Masanari Ohtsuka ◽  
Toru Takahata ◽  
Shiro Tochitani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Old World ◽  
Old World Monkey

scholarly journals Metagenomic analyses reveal previously unrecognized variation in the diets of sympatric Old World monkey species

PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. e0218245
Author(s):  
Martha M. Lyke ◽  
Anthony Di Fiore ◽  
Noah Fierer ◽  
Anne A. Madden ◽  
Joanna E. Lambert
Keyword(s):  
World Monkey ◽  
Old World ◽  
Old World Monkey ◽  
Monkey Species

Kainate receptor subunit expression in old-world monkey and human brain

1995 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 665
Author(s):  
J.H. Meador-Woodruff ◽  
S.P. Damask ◽  
R.E. King
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Kainate Receptor ◽  
Receptor Subunit ◽  
Old World ◽  
Old World Monkey ◽  
Subunit Expression
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