scholarly journals Characterization of the functional gene and several processed pseudogenes in the human triosephosphate isomerase gene family.

1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 1694-1706 ◽  
Author(s):  
J R Brown ◽  
I O Daar ◽  
J R Krug ◽  
L E Maquat
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Triosephosphate Isomerase ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Functional Gene ◽  
Dna Library ◽  
Enzyme Sequence ◽  
Processed Pseudogenes ◽  
High Degree

The functional gene and three intronless pseudogenes for human triosephosphate isomerase were isolated from a recombinant DNA library and characterized in detail. The functional gene spans 3.5 kilobase pairs and is split into seven exons. Its promoter contains putative TATA and CCAAT boxes and is extremely rich in G and C residues (76%). The pseudogenes share a high degree of homology with the functional gene but contain mutations that preclude the synthesis of an active triosephosphate isomerase enzyme. Sequence divergence calculations indicate that these pseudogenes arose approximately 18 million years ago. We present evidence that there is a single functional gene in the human triosephosphate isomerase gene family.

Characterization of the functional gene and several processed pseudogenes in the human triosephosphate isomerase gene family

1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 1694-1706
Author(s):  
J R Brown ◽  
I O Daar ◽  
J R Krug ◽  
L E Maquat
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Triosephosphate Isomerase ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Functional Gene ◽  
Dna Library ◽  
Enzyme Sequence ◽  
Processed Pseudogenes ◽  
High Degree

The functional gene and three intronless pseudogenes for human triosephosphate isomerase were isolated from a recombinant DNA library and characterized in detail. The functional gene spans 3.5 kilobase pairs and is split into seven exons. Its promoter contains putative TATA and CCAAT boxes and is extremely rich in G and C residues (76%). The pseudogenes share a high degree of homology with the functional gene but contain mutations that preclude the synthesis of an active triosephosphate isomerase enzyme. Sequence divergence calculations indicate that these pseudogenes arose approximately 18 million years ago. We present evidence that there is a single functional gene in the human triosephosphate isomerase gene family.

scholarly journals Characterization of the expressed gene and several processed pseudogenes for the mouse ribosomal protein L30 gene family.

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 2518-2528 ◽  
Author(s):  
L M Wiedemann ◽  
R P Perry
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Protein ◽  
Basic Protein ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Consensus Sequence ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Analysis ◽  
Dna Library ◽  
Polyadenylic Acid ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Processed Pseudogenes

Five cloned genes encoding the mouse ribosomal protein L30 were isolated from a recombinant DNA library and characterized by restriction mapping and nucleotide sequence analysis. Only one of these genes has introns and is expressed; the others are inactive processed pseudogenes. The expressed gene consists of five exons and four introns spanning 2,723 nucleotides. Transcripts of this gene are processed into the mature L30 mRNA by pathways that exhibit both constraints and flexibility with regard to the order of intron excision. The L30 mRNA which is 457 to 468 nucleotides in length excluding the polyadenylic acid tail, exhibits some microheterogeneity at its 3' end and encodes a basic protein of 115 amino acids. The 5' portion of the rpL30 gene has some novel features which are remarkably similar to the previously characterized mouse rpL32 gene. These include homologous sequences in the -60 to -340 region, the absence of a good TATA consensus sequence, and the presence of a palindromic pyrimidine sequence that spans the cap site.

Characterization of the expressed gene and several processed pseudogenes for the mouse ribosomal protein L30 gene family

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 2518-2528
Author(s):  
L M Wiedemann ◽  
R P Perry
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Protein ◽  
Basic Protein ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Consensus Sequence ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Analysis ◽  
Dna Library ◽  
Polyadenylic Acid ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Processed Pseudogenes

Five cloned genes encoding the mouse ribosomal protein L30 were isolated from a recombinant DNA library and characterized by restriction mapping and nucleotide sequence analysis. Only one of these genes has introns and is expressed; the others are inactive processed pseudogenes. The expressed gene consists of five exons and four introns spanning 2,723 nucleotides. Transcripts of this gene are processed into the mature L30 mRNA by pathways that exhibit both constraints and flexibility with regard to the order of intron excision. The L30 mRNA which is 457 to 468 nucleotides in length excluding the polyadenylic acid tail, exhibits some microheterogeneity at its 3' end and encodes a basic protein of 115 amino acids. The 5' portion of the rpL30 gene has some novel features which are remarkably similar to the previously characterized mouse rpL32 gene. These include homologous sequences in the -60 to -340 region, the absence of a good TATA consensus sequence, and the presence of a palindromic pyrimidine sequence that spans the cap site.

scholarly journals An unusual adenine phosphoribosyltransferase pseudogene is syntenic with its functional gene and is flanked by highly polymorphic DNAs.

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 4161-4167 ◽  
Author(s):  
M K Dush ◽  
J A Tischfield ◽  
S A Khan ◽  
E Feliciano ◽  
J M Sikela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Ecori Fragment ◽  
Chromosome 8 ◽  
Functional Gene ◽  
Direct Repeats ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Dna Library ◽  
Processed Pseudogenes

A mouse adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (aprt) pseudogene that had previously been recovered from a BALB/c sperm DNA library possessed several unusual features. Its nucleotide sequence, like that of other processed pseudogenes, was colinear with its corresponding mRNA, but it was truncated at its 3' end and lacked a poly(A) tail. The pseudogene was 82% homologous with corresponding regions of the functional gene and had incurred mutations that included transitions, transversions, deletions, and a point insertion. Even though the pseudogene was truncated within the protein-coding region of the corresponding functional gene, it was flanked at both ends by 13-base-pair direct repeats. Curiously, the direct repeats exhibited homology to APRT mRNA at the site of pseudogene divergence. The pseudogene appeared to be common to BALB/c and A/J mice, but it was contained on a 3-kilobase EcoRI fragment in the former strain and a 4.5-kilobase EcoRI fragment in the latter. The BALB/c and apparently the A/J pseudogene both mapped to chromosome 8, which also contains the functional aprt gene. The DNA sequences immediately surrounding the pseudogene in the two strains appeared to be similar, suggesting that the BALB/c and A/J pseudogenes are allelic. However, DNA sequences more distal to the pseudogene in the two strains appeared to vary. Thus, the EcoRI polymorphism was not due to simple loss of an EcoRI site, but was more complex. The pattern of flanking restriction sites was different for each of several enzymes, consistent with extensive DNA rearrangement. Double digests of BALB/c and A/J genomic DNAs revealed complex polymorphisms on both sides of the pseudogene. The results were consistent with insertion, deletion, or other rearrangement of DNA sequences that flank the pseudogene and suggest that this region of mouse chromosome 8 may be a region active for mutation or recombination.

Characterization of the transcription unit and two processed pseudogenes of chimpanzee triosephosphate isomerase (TPI)

Gene ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard C. Craig ◽  
Irma L. Pirtle ◽  
Robert W. Gracy ◽  
Robert M. Pirtle
Keyword(s):  
Triosephosphate Isomerase ◽  
Transcription Unit ◽  
Processed Pseudogenes

An unusual adenine phosphoribosyltransferase pseudogene is syntenic with its functional gene and is flanked by highly polymorphic DNAs

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 4161-4167
Author(s):  
M K Dush ◽  
J A Tischfield ◽  
S A Khan ◽  
E Feliciano ◽  
J M Sikela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Ecori Fragment ◽  
Chromosome 8 ◽  
Functional Gene ◽  
Direct Repeats ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Dna Library ◽  
Processed Pseudogenes

A mouse adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (aprt) pseudogene that had previously been recovered from a BALB/c sperm DNA library possessed several unusual features. Its nucleotide sequence, like that of other processed pseudogenes, was colinear with its corresponding mRNA, but it was truncated at its 3' end and lacked a poly(A) tail. The pseudogene was 82% homologous with corresponding regions of the functional gene and had incurred mutations that included transitions, transversions, deletions, and a point insertion. Even though the pseudogene was truncated within the protein-coding region of the corresponding functional gene, it was flanked at both ends by 13-base-pair direct repeats. Curiously, the direct repeats exhibited homology to APRT mRNA at the site of pseudogene divergence. The pseudogene appeared to be common to BALB/c and A/J mice, but it was contained on a 3-kilobase EcoRI fragment in the former strain and a 4.5-kilobase EcoRI fragment in the latter. The BALB/c and apparently the A/J pseudogene both mapped to chromosome 8, which also contains the functional aprt gene. The DNA sequences immediately surrounding the pseudogene in the two strains appeared to be similar, suggesting that the BALB/c and A/J pseudogenes are allelic. However, DNA sequences more distal to the pseudogene in the two strains appeared to vary. Thus, the EcoRI polymorphism was not due to simple loss of an EcoRI site, but was more complex. The pattern of flanking restriction sites was different for each of several enzymes, consistent with extensive DNA rearrangement. Double digests of BALB/c and A/J genomic DNAs revealed complex polymorphisms on both sides of the pseudogene. The results were consistent with insertion, deletion, or other rearrangement of DNA sequences that flank the pseudogene and suggest that this region of mouse chromosome 8 may be a region active for mutation or recombination.

The human elk-1 gene family: the functional gene and two processed pseudogenes embedded in the IgH locus

Gene ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 221 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nagaradona Harindranath ◽  
Frederick C Mills ◽  
Mary Mitchell ◽  
Alfons Meindl ◽  
Edward E Max
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Functional Gene ◽  
Igh Locus ◽  
Processed Pseudogenes

(dA–dC)n∙(dG–dT)n repeats mark the boundaries of a recent insertion event into a subgroup of Xenopus laevis hsp 30 gene promoters

Genome ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 512-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adnan Ali ◽  
Patrick H. Krone ◽  
John J. Heikkila
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Gene Promoters ◽  
Significant Similarity ◽  
Duplication Events ◽  
Independent Duplication ◽  
Z Dna ◽  
Shock Proteins ◽  
High Degree

The Xenopus laevis hsp 30 gene family (encoding the 30-kDa heat shock proteins) consists of at least seven closely related members that are tandemly arranged in one or more clusters within the genome. This gene family appears to have been generated by a number of independent duplication events, each of which gave rise to one or more of the known members of the family. We report here the characterization of a genomic fragment that bears a high degree of similarity to a 192-bp region of the promoters of two hsp 30 genes (hsp 30A and hsp 30C) but not the promoters of any of the other hsp 30 genes isolated to date. The rest of this clone has no significant similarity to any other region of the hsp 30A and hsp 30C genes. It appears to represent a region of the genome that has undergone both duplication and subsequent insertion events fairly recently during the evolution of Xenopus laevis. Interestingly, the boundary regions of the insertion are marked by potential Z-DNA forming blocks of seven and nine perfect 5′-AC-3′ dinucleotide repeats.Key words: Z-DNA, gene duplication, recombination.

Characterization of RF Sputtered ZnO Piezoelectric Films Using Transmission Electron Microscope

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 86-87
Author(s):  
Kemining W. Yeh ◽  
Richard S. Muller ◽  
Wei-Kuo Wu ◽  
Jack Washburn
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Acoustic Waves ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Surface Acoustic Waves ◽  
Electromechanical Properties ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Saw Devices ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
High Degree

Considerable and continuing interest has been shown in the thin film transducer fabrication for surface acoustic waves (SAW) in the past few years. Due to the high degree of miniaturization, compatibility with silicon integrated circuit technology, simplicity and ease of design, this new technology has played an important role in the design of new devices for communications and signal processing. Among the commonly used piezoelectric thin films, ZnO generally yields superior electromechanical properties and is expected to play a leading role in the development of SAW devices.

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