Samples of glaciomarine sediments and suspended particulate matter filtered from sea-water were collected in the Weddell Sea during the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition (NARE) in 1978–79. Analyses have provided information on the textural and mineralogical composition of shelf sediments, on the nature of biogenic and inorganic suspended particulate matter, and on the total sediment transport to the shelf areas and further into the deeper waters (Orheim and Elverhøi 1981).The shelf waters contain 0.1 to 1.2 g m–3 of suspended particulate matter, which is close to the range of 0.5 to 1.5 g m–3 reported for suspension concentrations in the oceans, but considerably lower than that found for some other glaciomarine environments such as the Bering Sea {up to 13-15 g m–3 (Lisitzin 1972)) and off Kongsbreen, Spitsbergen {up to 500 g m–3 (Elverhøi and others 1980)).Suspended particles from the Weddell Sea have maximum sizes of 50 to 70 µm and mean diameters in the range of 10 to 20 µm. In contrast, the bottom sediments on the outer shelf are deficient in the corresponding fractions. This reflects that when floating Antarctic ice supplies material to the Weddell Sea, the coarser fragments (>20-70 µm) are deposited, while the medium silt and finer fractions go into suspension. Considering the suspended-load data and the bottom-current measurements on the shelf break, it is evident that in January 1979 an average of 8.6 × 104tonnes d–1 (or 32 × 106 tonnes a–l) of particulate matter was transported by the current from the central Weddell Sea to the South Atlantic deep water. Morphological (scanning electron microscopy) and chemical analyses show the suspended material to be dominated by silica organisms (diatoms), and also to contain clastic grains of phyllosilicates, feldspar, quartz, zircon, in a few cases Al- and Fe-hydroxides/oxides also; authigenic “Fe-sepiolite” and secondary gypsum.Mineralogical analyses (X-ray diffraction) of the bottom sediments show the fine sand silt fractions to contain mainly clastic materials like illite, smectite-vermiculite, and quartz. Biogenic silica (cristobalite) and carbonate (Mg-calcite) as well as authigenic Fe-silicates (“Fe-sepiolite”) are also present.
REE–Th systematics of the suspended particulate matter and bottom sediments from the mouth zones of the world rivers of different categories/classes and some large Russian Arctic rivers