Astigmatism and its components in 12-year-old Chinese children: the Anyang Childhood Eye Study

PurposeTo determine prevalence of refractive (RA), corneal (CA) and internal astigmatism (IA), including variation with gender and spherical equivalent refraction (SE), in a population of 12-year-old Chinese children.MethodsA total of 1783 students with a mean age of 12.7 years (range 10.0–15.6 years) completed comprehensive eye examinations in the Anyang Childhood Eye Study. Data of cycloplegic refraction and corneal curvature were analysed.ResultsPrevalences of RA, CA and IA ≥1.0 D were 17.4% (95%CI 15.6% to 19.2%), 52.8% (50.5% to 55.1%)%) and 20.9% (19.0% to 22.8%), respectively. With different limits of astigmatism axes classification, including ±15°, ±20° and ±30°, RA and CA axes were mainly ‘with-the-rule’ (WTR) (ie, correcting axis of negative cylinders at or near 180°), while those for IA axes were mainly ‘against-the-rule’ (ATR) (ie, correcting axis of negative cylinders at or near 90°). RA was not different between the genders, but girls had higher prevalence and greater means of CA and IA. RA and CA increased in students with higher ametropia (more myopia and more hyperopia) and were the highest in a high myopic group (SE≤−6 D), while IA was stable across refraction groups. Children with RA higher than 0.50 D were more likely to have lens corrections (51%, 57%, 61% and 69% for magnitudes of ≥0.50 D, ≥0.75 D, ≥1.0 D and ≥1.5 D, respectively).ConclusionsPrevalence of RA in the Chinese 12-year-old children was relatively high compared with other studies. RA and CA had mainly ‘WTR’ astigmatism, while IA was mainly ATR and partially compensated for CA. Girls had greater means and prevalences of CA and IA than did boys. Both RA and CA, but not IA, increased with refractive errors away from emmetropia.

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The Correlation of Cycloplegic Refraction with Corneal Radius of Curvature-Adjusted Axial Length in Chinese Preschoolers

10.21203/rs.3.rs-395611/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xiao-hong Zhou ◽

Yian Li ◽

Wei Wang ◽

Chen-hao Yang

Keyword(s):

Axial Length ◽

Chinese Children ◽

Radius Of Curvature ◽

Refractive Errors ◽

Spherical Equivalent ◽

Spherical Equivalent Refraction ◽

Curvature Coefficient ◽

Corneal Radius ◽

The Mean ◽

And Gender

Abstract Background: In order to master the refractive status and detect severe refractive errors quickly and effectively, this study aimed to investigate the association of axial length after adjusting for corneal radius of curvature with refraction in a group of Chinese preschoolers. Methods: Retrospective review of 716 Chinese children aged from 3 to 6 years, who underwent cycloplegic optometry with 1% atropine eye gel in the ophthalmology department of Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center in Shanghai. Meanwhile axial length, corneal radius of curvature and cycloplegic autorefraction were obtained and axial length/corneal radius of curvature (AL/CR) ratio was calculated. The correlations of spherical equivalent refraction (SER) with axial length, corneal radius of curvature, AL/CR ratio and corneal radius of curvature-adjusted axial length were analyzed. Results: Only data from the right eye were included in this analysis. Among 716 eyes of 716 Chinese preschoolers, the mean (±SD) SER was 2.28±2.41 diopters (D), of which hyperopia, emmetropia, myopia were 84.64%, 8.54%, 6.84%, respectively. The mean(±SD) axial length, corneal radius of curvature and AL/CR ratio were 21.89±1.01mm, 7.76±0.27 mm, and 2.82±0.13, respectively. The SER was highly negative correlated with both axial length (coefficient –0.722) and AL/CR ratio (coefficient-0.814), and weakly correlated with corneal radius of curvature (coefficient 0.090) and gender(coefficient 0.093). Axial length was weakly correlated with age and gender(coefficient 0.232 and 0.268, respectively), but moderately correlated with corneal radius of curvature (coefficient 0.424). After adjusting for corneal radius of curvature, the correlation coefficient between SER and axial length significantly increased to-0.918. Conclusion: In the samples of 716 3-to 6-year-old Chinese children, axial length was moderately correlated with corneal radius of curvature. After adjusting for corneal radius of curvature, refraction was closely correlated with axial length than axial length alone and AL/CR ratio. Therefore, corneal radius of curvature-adjusted axial length might be a useful tool for pediatric ophthalmologists to detect refractive errors. Key Words: spherical equivalent refraction; corneal radius of curvature; adjusted; axial length; preschoolers.

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Corneal curvature in young high myopic undergraduates in southern Nigeria

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20182975 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (8) ◽

pp. 2592

Author(s):

Juno Ohiremere Okukpon ◽

Oluwashola Michael Ojo

Keyword(s):

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Spherical Equivalent ◽

Corneal Curvature ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Benin City ◽

Spherical Equivalent Refraction ◽

Corneal Refractive Surgery ◽

Edo State ◽

Males And Females ◽

The Mean

Background: Corneal curvature is important for contact lens fitting and management, ocular aberration analysis, corneal refractive surgery as well as diagnoses and management of corneal pathological conditions such as keratoconus and it is also an important biometric factor affecting refractive errors, myopia inclusive.Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional study conducted at the Optometry Teaching Clinic, Department of Optometry, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Two hundred and twenty myopic eyes of 113 (54 males, 59 females) undergraduates students, between 16 and 25 years with myopia of -5.00 to -20.50 participated in this study. Non-cycloplegic refraction was done by retinoscopic measurement and spherical equivalent refraction (SER) of the eyes was calculated. The corneal curvature was determined with a Bausch and Lomb one position Keratometer (Bausch and Lomb Corp., USA).Results: The mean age, spherical equivalent, corneal curvature and corneal power were 20.44±2.24 years, ̶7.12±3.14DS, 7.72±0.26mm and 43.77±1.48D respectively. Most of the students had a myopia of -5.75 to -10.50DS (46.8%) and a corneal curvature of 7.61-7.90mm (46.82%). There was a difference between the corneal curvature of males and females (P=0.0001). A relationship was also found with gender and corneal curvature (P=0.001).Conclusions: This study found that high myopic females had shorter corneal curvature, with greater corneal powers than their males counterparts (P<0.01). We also found that gender had a significant relationship with the corneal curvature unlike age and the spherical equivalent which showed no relationship (P>0.01).

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Refractive Errors in 3–6 Year-Old Chinese Children: A Very Low Prevalence of Myopia?

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0078003 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. e78003 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Weizhong Lan ◽

Feng Zhao ◽

Lixia Lin ◽

Zhen Li ◽

Junwen Zeng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chinese Children ◽

Refractive Errors ◽

Old Chinese ◽

Low Prevalence

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Prevalence of Myopia in 3–14-Year-Old Chinese Children: A School-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Chengdu

10.21203/rs.3.rs-184425/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jianglan Wang ◽

Jinnan Liu ◽

Wei Ma ◽

Qi Zhang ◽

Rong Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Myopia ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Chinese Children ◽

Spherical Equivalent ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Old Chinese ◽

School Based ◽

Corneal Radius ◽

Very High

Abstract BackgroundThe prevalence of myopia among children in Chengdu is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of myopia in 3- to 14-year-old Chinese children in Chengdu.MethodsThis study was a school-based cross-sectional study in children aged 3–14 years. Visual acuity (VA), spherical equivalent error (SER) with noncycloplegic autorefraction, axial length (AL) and corneal radius (CR) were measured.ResultsA total of 19455 children were recruited for this study. The prevalence of myopia was 38.1%; the prevalence of low myopia was 26.6%, that of moderate myopia was 9.8%, and that of high myopia was 1.7%. The prevalence of myopia and SER increased with age from 6 years old. The prevalence of myopia was higher, and the SER indicated more severe myopia in the girls than in the boys (40.1% vs. 36.2%, χ2 = 30.67, df = 1, P < 0.001; -0.93 D±1.75 D vs. -0.84 D±1.74 D, t=3.613, df=19453, P<0.001). The girls had a higher prevalence of myopia and myopic SER than did the boys aged 9 years and older (P<0.05). Among the myopic children, the rates of uncorrected, undercorrected and fully corrected myopia were 54.8%, 17.8% and 27.4%, respectively. AL and AL/CR increased with age from 6 years old, but CR remained stable after 4 years old. The AL was longer, and the CR was flatter in the boys than in the girls aged 3 to 14 years old (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe prevalence of myopia, AL and AL/CR increased, and the SER became more myopic with age from 6 years old. The girls had a higher prevalence of myopia and myopic SER than did the boys, but the boys had a longer AL, flatter CR and higher AL/CR ratio than did the girls. The rate of uncorrected myopia was very high in the myopic children. More actions need to be taken to decrease the prevalence of myopia, especially uncorrected myopia in children.

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Prevalence of myopia in 3–14-year-old Chinese children: a school-based cross-sectional study in Chengdu

BMC Ophthalmology ◽

10.1186/s12886-021-02071-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jianglan Wang ◽

Jinnan Liu ◽

Wei Ma ◽

Qi Zhang ◽

Rong Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Myopia ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Chinese Children ◽

Spherical Equivalent ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Old Chinese ◽

School Based ◽

Corneal Radius ◽

Very High

Abstract Background The prevalence of myopia among children in Chengdu is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of myopia in 3- to 14-year-old Chinese children in Chengdu. Methods This study was a school-based cross-sectional study in children aged 3–14 years. Visual acuity (VA), spherical equivalent error (SER) with noncycloplegic autorefraction, axial length (AL) and corneal radius (CR) were measured. Results A total of 19,455 children were recruited for this study. The prevalence of myopia was 38.1 %; the prevalence of low myopia was 26.6 %, that of moderate myopia was 9.8 %, and that of high myopia was 1.7 %. The prevalence of myopia and SER increased with age from 6 years old. The prevalence of myopia was higher, and the SER indicated more severe myopia in the girls than in the boys (40.1 % vs. 36.2 %, χ2 = 30.67, df = 1, P < 0.001; -0.93 D ± 1.75 D vs. -0.84 D ± 1.74 D, t = 3.613, df=19,453, P < 0.001). The girls had a higher prevalence of myopia and myopic SER than did the boys aged 9 years and older (P < 0.05). Among the myopic children, the rates of uncorrected, undercorrected and fully corrected myopia were 54.8 %, 31.1 and 14.1 %, respectively. AL and AL/CR increased with age from 6 years old, but CR remained stable after 4 years old. The AL was longer, and the CR was flatter in the boys than in the girls aged 3 to 14 years old (P < 0.05). Conclusions The prevalence of myopia, AL and AL/CR increased, and the SER became more myopic with age from 6 years old. The girls had a higher prevalence of myopia and myopic SER than did the boys, but the boys had a longer AL, flatter CR and higher AL/CR ratio than did the girls. The rate of uncorrected myopia was very high in the myopic children. More actions need to be taken to decrease the prevalence of myopia, especially uncorrected myopia in children.

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Relationship between axial length and spherical equivalent refraction in Chinese children

Advances in Ophthalmology Practice and Research ◽

10.1016/j.aopr.2021.100010 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 100010

Author(s):

Shuying Chen ◽

Xin Liu ◽

Xiaotong Sha ◽

Xiaoxia Yang ◽

Xiaoning Yu

Keyword(s):

Axial Length ◽

Chinese Children ◽

Spherical Equivalent ◽

Spherical Equivalent Refraction

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Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption Status and Its Association with Childhood Obesity among Chinese Children Aged 6–17 Years

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13072211 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 2211

Author(s):

Qian Gan ◽

Peipei Xu ◽

Titi Yang ◽

Wei Cao ◽

Juan Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Childhood Obesity ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Study Data ◽

Chinese Children ◽

Obesity Prevalence ◽

Older Children ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽

School Aged Children ◽

Chinese School ◽

And Control

Objective: There is a remarkable growth in sugar-sweetened (SSB) production and obesity prevalence among school-aged children in China. This paper describes SSB consumption and its association with obesity among Chinese children aged 6–17 years in 2012. Methods: in total, 25,553 children aged 6~17 years enrolled in the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2010–2013 were included in this study. Data of SSB consumption frequency and quantity were obtained from a food frequency questionnaire, and the children’s nutritional status was assessed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between SSB consumption and obesity status. Results: SSB intake was estimated as 181.0 g/day, occurring 2.2 times/week. Older children, males, children from urban areas, and children with higher socioeconomic status were more likely to consume SSBs. Children who consumed SSBs 1~<5 times/week (11.7%) and >5 times/week (12.9%) were more likely to be overweight/obesity than those who consumed SSBs less than once/week. Conclusion: SSB consumption was common among Chinese school-aged children, especially among males, older children, and children from urban areas. High consumption of SSBs was associated with a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity. Actions and plans are required to reduce SSB consumption and control childhood obesity in China.

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Uncertainty orientation in Chinese children: Relations with school and psychological adjustment

International Journal of Behavioral Development ◽

10.1177/0165025407087212 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 137-144 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Zhengyan Wang ◽

Xinyin Chen ◽

Richard Sorrentino ◽

Andrew C. H. Szeto

Keyword(s):

Psychological Adjustment ◽

Elementary School Children ◽

Emotional Adjustment ◽

Study Data ◽

Chinese Children ◽

Learning Problems ◽

Multiple Sources ◽

Self Perceptions ◽

Uncertainty Orientation ◽

Self Reports

The purpose of this study was to examine uncertainty orientation and its relations with school and psychological adjustment in Chinese children. A sample of elementary school children in P.R. China, aged 10 to 12 years, participated in the study. Data concerning uncertainty orientation, academic performance and socio-emotional adjustment were obtained from multiple sources including projective assessments, teacher ratings and self-reports. It was found that children in grade 6 had higher scores on uncertainty orientation than those in grades 4 and 5. Uncertainty orientation was positively associated with school-related competence, academic achievement and self-perceptions of competence, and negatively associated with learning problems and loneliness. The results suggest that uncertainty orientation is an adaptive characteristic in Chinese children.

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