Annual Changes in Refractive Errors and Ocular Components before and after the Onset of Myopia in Chinese Children

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the beliefs of Chinese children with physical disabilities engaging in sports and physical activity (PA), and the impact of the Paralympic Games on these beliefs. Five Chinese children with physical disabilities (female = 2, male = 3) were recruited for participating in the workshops of the Paralympic Games and PA, and received individual semi-structured interviews before and after the workshop implementations. Interview transcripts were analysed and presented as descriptive summaries. Three themes emerged based on the analysis of the participants’ interview data: (1) shocked, knowledgeable, and useful; (2) willingness to try, and (3) hope to obtain support. Results indicated that children with physical disabilities in this study acknowledged the positive outcomes of participating in the workshops of the Paralympic Games on the sports and PA engagement attitude change. However, children with disabilities also expressed that they need more related knowledge and information. The results of the study revealed that impairment and contextual factors (i.e., lack of support from family and physical education teachers, unsafe environments, and negative attitudes of peers without disabilities) were barriers to sports and PA engagement among children with physical disabilities in this study.

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Evaluation of transverse maxillary growth on cone-beam computed tomography images

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-97082-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Brandon J. Seubert ◽

Laurence Gaalaas ◽

Brent E. Larson ◽

Thorsten Grünheid

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Nasal Cavity ◽

Cone Beam Computed Tomography ◽

Cone Beam ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Maxillary Expansion ◽

Computed Tomography Images ◽

Before And After ◽

Annual Changes ◽

Lateral Walls

AbstractThis study aimed at quantifying the annual transverse growth of the maxilla using skeletal landmarks in three different regions on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. CBCT scans taken before and after orthodontic treatment of 100 child and adolescent patients (50 male, 50 female) without maxillary transverse deficiencies were used to determine the transverse linear distances between the greater palatine foramina (GPFd), the lateral walls of the nasal cavity (NCd), and the infraorbital foramina (IOFd). We found that all distances increased significantly with growth in both genders (p < 0.001). The overall average annual change was 0.5 mm for GPFd, 0.3 mm for NCd, and 0.7 mm for IOFd. Males generally had greater annual changes than females for GPFd and IOFd, but not NCd. There were weak, statistically not significant (p > 0.05) correlations between patient age and the annual changes in GPFd, NCd, and IOFd. These results suggest that the positions of the greater palatine foramina, the lateral walls of the nasal cavity, and the infraorbital foramina change consistently with maxillary transverse growth. Clinicians can use the growth rates as population averages to more confidently estimate the amount of skeletal transverse deficiency or evaluate the long-term effects of maxillary expansion treatment.

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Annual changes in rotavirus hospitalization rates before and after rotavirus vaccine implementation in the United States

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0191429 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. e0191429 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Minesh P. Shah ◽

Rebecca M. Dahl ◽

Umesh D. Parashar ◽

Benjamin A. Lopman

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Rotavirus Vaccine ◽

Hospitalization Rates ◽

Before And After ◽

Annual Changes

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Correlation analysis and multiple regression formulas of refractive errors and ocular components

International Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.18240/ijo.2019.05.26 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

Keyword(s):

Correlation Analysis ◽

Multiple Regression ◽

Refractive Errors ◽

Ocular Components

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Astigmatism and its components in 12-year-old Chinese children: the Anyang Childhood Eye Study

British Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312114 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 103 (6) ◽

pp. 768-774 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

He Li ◽

Shi-Ming Li ◽

Luo-Ru Liu ◽

Ya-Zhou Ji ◽

Meng-Tian Kang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Study Data ◽

Chinese Children ◽

Refractive Errors ◽

Spherical Equivalent ◽

Corneal Curvature ◽

Old Chinese ◽

Spherical Equivalent Refraction

PurposeTo determine prevalence of refractive (RA), corneal (CA) and internal astigmatism (IA), including variation with gender and spherical equivalent refraction (SE), in a population of 12-year-old Chinese children.MethodsA total of 1783 students with a mean age of 12.7 years (range 10.0–15.6 years) completed comprehensive eye examinations in the Anyang Childhood Eye Study. Data of cycloplegic refraction and corneal curvature were analysed.ResultsPrevalences of RA, CA and IA ≥1.0 D were 17.4% (95%CI 15.6% to 19.2%), 52.8% (50.5% to 55.1%)%) and 20.9% (19.0% to 22.8%), respectively. With different limits of astigmatism axes classification, including ±15°, ±20° and ±30°, RA and CA axes were mainly ‘with-the-rule’ (WTR) (ie, correcting axis of negative cylinders at or near 180°), while those for IA axes were mainly ‘against-the-rule’ (ATR) (ie, correcting axis of negative cylinders at or near 90°). RA was not different between the genders, but girls had higher prevalence and greater means of CA and IA. RA and CA increased in students with higher ametropia (more myopia and more hyperopia) and were the highest in a high myopic group (SE≤−6 D), while IA was stable across refraction groups. Children with RA higher than 0.50 D were more likely to have lens corrections (51%, 57%, 61% and 69% for magnitudes of ≥0.50 D, ≥0.75 D, ≥1.0 D and ≥1.5 D, respectively).ConclusionsPrevalence of RA in the Chinese 12-year-old children was relatively high compared with other studies. RA and CA had mainly ‘WTR’ astigmatism, while IA was mainly ATR and partially compensated for CA. Girls had greater means and prevalences of CA and IA than did boys. Both RA and CA, but not IA, increased with refractive errors away from emmetropia.

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589 Sleep features longitudinally associated with refractive errors in preschoolers

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsab072.587 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. A232-A232

Author(s):

Alexis Rayapoullé ◽

Claude Gronfier ◽

Anne Forhan ◽

Barbara Heude ◽

Marie-Aline Charles ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sleep Duration ◽

Light Exposure ◽

Economic Status ◽

Refractive Errors ◽

Sleep Habits ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Multiple Imputations ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Before And After

Abstract Introduction Refractive errors are very common, in particular in children and adolescents, leading to global health issues, academic implications and economic costs. The process of emmetropization in child development is a multifactorial and active mechanism, and is yet to be fully understood. Light exposure and endogenous circadian rhythmicity are thought to have an important role in this process. They are also known to be both cause and consequence of various sleep habits. The study aims at investigating the role of sleep duration and timing in refractive error development of preschoolers. Methods Sleep duration and timing were assessed at age 2 and 5 years, and vision problems at age 5 through parental auto-questionnaires in 1,130 children from the EDEN birth-cohort. We performed both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses using logistic regression models, before and after adjusting for age, sex, socio-economic status, nap duration, time spent outdoors and daily screen-time. We conducted multiple imputations to deal with missing data on covariates. The shape of the association was considered by splitting sleep duration into tertiles. Results At age 5 years, 20.4% of the children were prescribed glasses (2% for myopia, 11.9% for hyperopia and 6.8% for unknow reason). Children slept on average (SD) 11h05 (30 min) per night at age 2 and 10h49 (48 min) at age 5. Average bedtime and midsleep were 8.36 pm (30 min), 2.06 am (36 min), and 8.54 pm (30 min), 2.06 am (24 min) at age 2 and 5, respectively. In the raw longitudinal analysis, a U-shaped association was observed between nocturnal sleep duration at age 2 and eyeglass prescription at age 5: 2-years-old children sleeping 11h30 had a higher risk to have an eyeglass prescription by the age of 5. Later midsleep and bedtime at age 2 were associated with an increased risk of eyeglass prescription at age 5. All associations, except the one concerning bedtime, were barely changed after adjustment while becoming borderline significant. Conclusion Duration and timing of sleep at age 2 were associated with subsequent onset of refractive errors in preschoolers from a general population. Sleep and light hygiene might be targets for prevention. Support (if any):

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Real-Life Variability of Corneal Epithelium Thickness in Photorefractive Keratectomy

10.21203/rs.3.rs-34411/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Dana Barequet ◽

Eliya Levinger ◽

Amir Rosenblatt ◽

Samuel Levinger ◽

Irina S. Barequet

Keyword(s):

Corneal Epithelium ◽

Real Life ◽

Life Assessment ◽

Photorefractive Keratectomy ◽

Refractive Errors ◽

The Real ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Epithelium Thickness ◽

The Mean

Abstract PURPOSE: To evaluate the real-life epithelial thickness (ET) as measured intraoperatively by optical coherence pachymetry (OCP) in myopic eyes undergoing alcohol-assisted photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).METHODS: A retrospective review of patients who underwent alcohol-assisted PRK was performed. Data were abstracted on age, gender, contact lens (CL) wear, preoperative refractive errors, keratometry, topographic and ultrasonic pachymetry, and intraoperative OCP measurements before and after epithelium removal. The central ET was calculated by subtracting OCP measurement after epithelium removal from the OCP measurement prior to epithelium removal. RESULTS: The study comprised of 140 consecutive eyes from 70 patients. The mean age was 27.29 ± 6.57 years, 51.4% were females. CL was used in 80 eyes (57.1%). The mean sphere and spherical equivalent were -3.69 ± 2.74D and -3.36 ± 2.76D, respectively. The mean intraoperative ET was 59.49 ± 19.93µm (range, 15-150µm). Fifty-four percent of the eyes had an ET measurement above or below the range of 40-60µm. ET was significantly higher in the second operated eye compared to the first operated eye (p=0.006). There was no significant difference in thickness between genders (p=0.29) or association to CL-wear (p=0.11), and no correlation to patient age (p=0.18, rp=0.13), refractive errors (p>0.11, rp=-0.02-0.14), nor keratometry (p>0.64, rp=-0.01-0.02). Conclusion: The real-life assessment of intraoperative ET in alcohol-assisted PRK showed a high variability of the central corneal epithelium, with a significant difference between the first and second operated eyes. This difference may have implications when the epithelium is not included in the surgical planning in surface ablation.

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