Bush's international health policies “condemn millions of women to die”

This paper analyses how the 1950–61 conflict between Portugal and India over the territories that constituted Portuguese India (Goa, Daman and Diu) informed Portugal’s relations with the World Health Organization’s Regional Office for South East Asia (SEARO). The ‘Goa question’ determined the way international health policies were actually put into place locally and the meaning with which they were invested. This case study thus reveals the political production of SEARO as a dynamic space for disputes and negotiations between nation-states in decolonising Asia. In this context, health often came second in the face of contrasting nationalistic projects, both colonial and post-colonial.

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The Achilles heel of international health policies in low- and middle-income countries

International Health and Aid Policies ◽

10.1017/cbo9780511902512.007 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 16-34

Author(s):

Jean-Pierre Unger ◽

Pierre De Paepe ◽

Kasturi Sen ◽

Werner Soors

Keyword(s):

International Health ◽

Health Policies ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Low And Middle Income

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AIDS, Antiretrovirals, Brazil and the International Politics of Global Health, 1996–2008

Social History of Medicine ◽

10.1093/shm/hkz044 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Marcos Cueto ◽

Gabriel Lopes

Keyword(s):

Universal Access ◽

International Health ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Antiretroviral Drugs ◽

First Century ◽

Global Politics ◽

Health Policies ◽

Sexual Abstinence ◽

Pharmaceutical Companies ◽

Marked Decline

Abstract In the mid-1990s, Brazil became a player in the global politics of AIDS through its participation in debates on whether antiretroviral drugs were commodities or public goods. Brazilian actors not only challenged powerful pharmaceutical companies but the assumption that international health policies were solely defined in developed countries. After 1996, a coalition of Brazilian officers, health activists, people living with Aids and medical scientists advocated for universal access to generic medication (instead of costly patented drugs) and publicized its achievements at home and abroad, such as a marked decline in AIDS cases. However, during the first decade of the twenty-first century increased costs, little attention to prevention and the persistence of homophobia hindered treatment. Moreover, unilateral US programmes and conservative evangelicals glorifying sexual abstinence sabotaged anti-AIDS work. After the financial crisis of 2008, universal access to ARVs lost political momentum and sustaining treatment became difficult in Brazil.

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The Rockefeller Foundation and the League of Nations: Public Health in Europe (1920-1945)

Revista História Debates e Tendências ◽

10.5335/hdtv.21n.3.12845 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 35-54

Author(s):

Josep L. Barona

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Interwar Period ◽

Rockefeller Foundation ◽

International Health ◽

League Of Nations ◽

Health Policies ◽

Public Health Policies ◽

The Great Depression ◽

Stabilization Policies ◽

Post War

The Rockefeller Foundation (RF) and the League of Nations (LON) played a fundamental role in stabilization policies during the interwar period. Public health became essential in this context due to the immediate consequences of the war, the post-war economic crisis and the Great Depression. RF and LON became the cornerstone of international action in several fields: epidemics, famine, malnutrition, infectious diseases, infant mortality, drug abuse, biological and dietary standard-setting, epidemiological records, public health policies and professionalization. In the shaping international health expertise, LON and RF collaboration was extremely important, in terms of determining goals and programmes, and in terms of financial support. This article analyses the areas and the extent of their collaboration in Europe.

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How did the Beneficiary Groups of Curative Care Expenditure Distribute? Based on SHA 2011: A Case Study in Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-30349/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Honghong Feng ◽

Lu Mao ◽

Xiaoju Li ◽

Liwen Zhang ◽

Dongsheng Rui

Keyword(s):

Health Expenditure ◽

Age Groups ◽

International Health ◽

Family Health ◽

Large Data ◽

Health Policies ◽

Curative Care ◽

Heavy Burden ◽

Health Accounts ◽

System Of Health Accounts

Abstract Background System of Health Accounts 2011 (SHA2011) not only meets the analysis of health policies but also increases the comparability of international health from expenditure. This study analyzes the distribution of beneficiary groups of curative care expenditure (CCE) in Xinjiang based on SHA 2011, and provides references for making health policies. Methods A total of 352 sample health institutions were collected with multistage stratified random sampling method in Xinjiang. According to the accounting framework of the SHA 2011, the CCE distribution, institutional flow and disease distribution of different age groups were analyzed. Results In 2016, the CCE in Xinjiang was 50.05 billion Chinese Yuan (CNY), accounting for 70.18% of current health expenditure (CHE), 6.66% of GDP, and per capita CCE was 2366.56 CNY. People aged over 65 was the consumed major CCE, different diseases treatment costs have a different distribution in the age groups. Three types of diseases with the highest CCE were circulatory, respiratory and digestive system diseases. All of the beneficiary expenditure mainly occurred in hospitals, the proportion of primary health care institutions was relatively small. Family health expenditure accounts for a relatively high proportion, especially children aged 14 years old and below. Conclusion This study used SHA2011 to capture large data and analyzed from the newly added beneficiary dimension. The population had a heavy burden of medical financing, the allocation of medical resources was unreasonable, and the scale of primary medical institutions needs to be reasonably expanded. The financing plan for CCE needs to be optimized to decrease the medical burden of disease.

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Regulatory Chill: Learnings From New Zealand’s Plain Packaging Tobacco Law

QUT Law Review ◽

10.5204/qutlr.v17i2.701 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jane Kelsey

Keyword(s):

International Health ◽

Health Policies ◽

Public Health Policies ◽

Plain Packaging ◽

Management Regime ◽

Aotearoa New Zealand ◽

Reinforcing Factors ◽

The Difference ◽

To Come ◽

Trade And Investment

Australia’s precedent-setting Tobacco Plain Packaging Act 2011 (Cth) took two and a half years from its public announcement to come into force. The fact that New Zealand’s almost identical legislation was still not in force six years after it was first mooted suggests it was subject to regulatory chill through both specific threats and systemic influences within the policy making process. This article examines the hypothesis that three elements associated with New Zealand’s free trade and investment treaties combined to chill a National government that was already luke-warm on a plain packaging law: perceived risks from litigation; associated arguments pressed by politically influential industry lobbyists; and the bias in the regulatory management regime that favours minimal intervention and empowers the tobacco industry, consistent with contemporary trade agreements. It concludes that these mutually reinforcing factors delayed the passage of New Zealand’s legislation, but did not see it abandoned. This suggests that health policies supported by public opinion, international health obligations, and precedents from other countries can withstand regulatory chill. But the difference from Australia also highlights the need to pay more attention to ways of neutralising those factors if a Smokefree Aotearoa New Zealand, and similarly ground-breaking public health policies, are to be achieved.

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