scholarly journals A definition of human death should not be related to organ transplants * Commentary

2003 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Machado
2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven D. Edwards ◽  
Kevin Forbes

2021 ◽  
pp. 223-234
Author(s):  
Mackenzie Graham

This chapter discusses how the line between life and death has been blurred by advances in science and technology. For much of human history, determining death was a straightforward process. When illness or injury caused the irreversible loss of heart, lung, or brain function, their mutual interdependence meant that the other vital functions would inevitably cease within a matter of minutes. A physician could declare a patient dead simply by showing the absence of a heartbeat, breathing, or reaction of the eye to light. The introduction of new medical procedures in the 1950s, including mechanical ventilation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), meant that a person whose heart had stopped beating, or lungs had stopped breathing, could be kept alive. These patients presented a problem for the traditional understanding of death because they had irreversibly lost some vital functions, but not others. To understand the nature of human death, one must begin by defining the concept: what is it for any living thing to die? Having answered this metaphysical question, one can move to an epistemological one: what is the appropriate standard for judging that something has met the definition of death? Finally, one requires criteria and tests to affirm that the epistemological standard has been met: when can we confidently say that someone is dead?


1976 ◽  
pp. 489-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander M. Capron ◽  
Leon R. Kass
Keyword(s):  

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (02) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Ricky Fajar

A The purpose of this study is to describe the surgery of modern medicine in in vitro fertilisation (IVF), contraception and organ transplants between Indonesian  regulation, it’s seen from the viewpoint of "maqosidsyareahIslamiyah," and I started with definition of the surgery of modern medical, legal jurisprudence, legislation and maqosidsyareah, then an explanation of the applicable regulations, and laws maqosid of the review that took place in Indonesian society.in this study I used qualitative research and literature, by reading medical books required and books of fiqh contemporary for completeness, then I used the method of comparison, between the opinions of medicine and jurisprudence, and method of conclusions by looking at events that hit with a solution from the point of view of maqosid to keep human emergency law, of keeping religion, life, property, intellect, and descent, with the words of scholars in the application maqosidsyareah. Conclusions of law IVF, including temporary because of sterility of husband and wife, and this is permitted, other than one of the two or lease womb is forbidden like adultery, although there is a need and treat infertile, thenvasectomy and tubal ligation including emergency contraception is forever, the rest, including the need is temporary, except spiral, modern gelding, and implants that could be forever, then autograft, isograft, and allograft included in the emergency laws if they can help the lives, while the rest, including the need if it’s proven to be beneficial. Tujuan tesis ini menjelaskan operasi medis modern dalambayi tabung, kontrasepsi dan transplantasi organ antara undang undang Indonesia dan hokum fiqih, dilihat dari sudut pandang “maqosid syareah islamiyah”, dan saya mulai dengan pengertian operasi medis modern, hukum fiqih, undang-undang dan maqosid syareah, kemudian penjelasan tentang ketentuan yang berlaku, serta hokum maqosid dari tinjauan yang terjadi di masyarakat Indonesia.Saya berpedoman dalam penelitian ini dengan studi kualitatif dan kepustakaan, dengan membaca buku kedokteran yang diperlukan dan buku fiqih kontemporer untuk kelengkapanya, kemudian saya gunakan metode perbandingan,antarapendapat kedokteran dan fiqih, dan metode kesimpulan dengan melihat kejadian yang melanda dengan solusi dari sudut pandang maqosid untuk menjaga hukum darurat manusia, dari menjaga agama, jiwa, harta, akal, dan keturunan, dengan perkataan ulama dalam penerapan maqosid syareah. Kesimpulan dari hukum bayi tabung, termasuk kebutuhan dengan sebab mandulnya suami istri, dan ini dibolehkan, selain salah satu dari keduanya atau sewa rahim haram mirip zina,walau ada kebutuhan dan mengobati mandul, kemudian vasektomi dan tubektomi termasuk kontrasepsi darurat bersifat selamanya, sisanya termasuk kebutuhan bersifat sementara, kecuali spiral, kebiri modern, dan implant yang bisa bersifat selamanya, kemudian autograft, isograft, dan allograft termasuk dalam hukum darurat jika mampu menolong nyawa, adapun sisanya termasuk kebutuhan jika terbukti bermanfaat. الخلاصة: إستهدف هذا البحث بيان الأعمال الطبية الحديثة في أطفال الأنابيب ومنع الحمل وزراعة الأعضاء بين القانون الإندونيسي والأحكام الفقهية،من جانب حكم "مقاصد الشريعة الإسلامية"، وابتدأت في هذا الجهد بمفهوم العملية الطبية الحديثة، ثم مفهوم الأحكام الفقهية و القانون الإندونيسي و مقاصد الشريعة منها.ثم بيان الضوابط الطبية والفقهية فيها، ثم الأحكام المقاصدي بنظر إلى الواقع في مجتمع إندونيسي.وقد إعتمدت الدراسةبالبحث النوعي،وإعتمدت بدراسة المكتبية بقرآءة الكتب الطبية المحتاجة والكتب الفقهية المعاصرة لإتمام المعلومات.كما إستخدمت المنهج المقارن,وذلك بمقارنة بين موقف الطب و الفقه.والمنهج الإستنباطي بنظر إلى الواقعة المنتشرة الذي محل تحليلها من جانب المقاصد لحفظ ضرورة الناس، من حفظ الدين،والنفس،والمال،والعقل والنسل مع أقوال العلماء في تطبيق المقاصد الشريعة. ونتيجة المقاصد في طفل الأنابيب حكمه داخل في الحاجية بين الزوجين بسبب العقم وذلك جائز فعلا،أما من غير أحدهما أو مع إستئجار الأرحام فهذا حرام وشبه زنا ولو بوجود حاجة ولعلاج العقم، ثم فاسكتومي وتوبكتومي من نوع منع الحمل الضروري المؤبد،وبقية الأنواع داخل في حكم حاجية للمؤقتإلاّ اللولب،والخصاء الحديث،والهورمونات الجلدية الإمتصاص في نوع حاجية دائمة،ثم غريسة ذاتية متمالثة ومتباينة من الضرورة حكما إن حصلت إنقاذ الحياة وبقية الأنواع في الغريسة حكمه كالحاجية إذا تبينت الفائدة.


1979 ◽  
pp. 555-588
Author(s):  
Alexander M. Capron ◽  
Leon R. Kass
Keyword(s):  

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 868-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Symons ◽  
Reginald Mary Chua

Several bioethicists have recently discussed the complexity of defining human death, and considered in particular how our definition of death affects our understanding of the ethics of vital organ procurement. In this brief paper, we challenge the mainstream medical definition of human death—namely, that death is equivalent to total brain failure—and argue with Nair-Collins and Miller that integrated biological functions can continue even after total brain failure has occurred. We discuss the implications of Nair-Collins and Miller’s argument and suggest that it may be necessary to look for alternative biological markers that reliably indicate the death of a human being. We reject the suggestion that we should abandon the dead-donor criteria for organ donation. Rather than weaken the ethical standards for vital organ procurement, it may be necessary to make them more demanding. The aim of this paper is not to justify the dead donor rule. Rather, we aim to explore the perspective of those who agree with critiques of the whole brain and cardiopulmonary definitions of death but yet disagree with the proposal that we should abandon the dead-donor rule. We will consider what those who want to retain the dead-donor rule must argue in light of Nair-Collins and Miller’s critique.


1972 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Morgan Capron ◽  
Leon R. Kass
Keyword(s):  

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 3-5
Author(s):  
W. W. Morgan

1. The definition of “normal” stars in spectral classification changes with time; at the time of the publication of theYerkes Spectral Atlasthe term “normal” was applied to stars whose spectra could be fitted smoothly into a two-dimensional array. Thus, at that time, weak-lined spectra (RR Lyrae and HD 140283) would have been considered peculiar. At the present time we would tend to classify such spectra as “normal”—in a more complicated classification scheme which would have a parameter varying with metallic-line intensity within a specific spectral subdivision.


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