In the 50 year period since the discovery of electron diffraction from crystals there has been much theoretical effort devoted to the calculation of diffracted intensities as a function of crystal thickness, orientation, and structure. However, in many applications of electron diffraction what is required is a simple identification of an unknown structure when some of the shape and orientation parameters required for intensity calculations are not known. In these circumstances an automated method is needed to solve diffraction patterns obtained near crystal zone axis directions that includes the effects of systematic absences of reflections due to lattice symmetry effects and additional reflections due to double diffraction processes.Two programs have been developed to enable relatively inexperienced microscopists to identify unknown crystals from diffraction patterns. Before indexing any given electron diffraction pattern, a set of possible crystal structures must be selected for comparison against the unknown.
Lattice Symmetry-Breaking Perturbations for Spiral Waves
