The effects of drought on water relations and stem shrinkage of Quercus alba

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Hinckley ◽  
David N. Bruckerhoff
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Surface Resistance ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Quercus Alba ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Xylem Pressure Potential ◽  
Diurnal Fluctuations

Stem circumference, xylem pressure potential (P), and leaf surface resistance were measured in a dominant forest-grown white oak (Quercus alba L.) tree from the beginning of, through the development of, and to recovery from a major drought in mid-Missouri. Continuous recording of several environmental variables and periodic measurements of soil moisture were made in coordination with the above plant variables. As base P(P measured just before sunrise) and soil moisture decreased, net day-to-day and even week-to-week stem shrinkage was observed. Periodic thunderstorms alleviated soil and plant water deficits and stem circumference recovered. Excellent relationships were noted between soil moisture in the upper 30 cm of a 107-cm profile and either base P or stem circumference.Four clear and 2 cloudy days with rain are presented to illustrate diurnal patterns in the aforementioned variables. The generalized pattern of diurnal fluctuations in stem circumference consisted of early morning shrinkage, which continued to a 1500- to 1700-h. (true solar time) minimum, and subsequent recovery. Hysteresis loops resulted when stem circumference was plotted against P. Maximum diurnal fluctuations in stem circumference were greatest when soil moisture had been depleted slightly below field capacity. Further depletion led to lower values of P, stomatal closure, restricted plant water loss, and reduced stem shrinkage. The relationship between flux (vapor pressure deficit – leaf surface resistance) and P is also described and it provided a possible means of modeling P in plants. The possible role of the stem reservoir in augmenting foliar water deficits is presented and discussed.

A simulation of water relations of white oak based on soil moisture and atmospheric evaporative demand

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 400-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Thompson ◽  
T. M. Hinckley
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Surface Resistance ◽  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Pressure Potential ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Xylem Pressure ◽  
Xylem Pressure Potential ◽  
Predicted Values

A model was described which simulated xylem pressure potential and leaf surface resistance for a white oak (Quercusalba L.) tree and several saplings in central Missouri. The simulation was accomplished using a deterministic approach and was applicable from after leaf maturation in the spring to leaf senescence in the fall. Soil moisture content, vapor pressure deficit, and solar radiation were the required driving variables. The Ohm's law analogy describing water potentials and fluxes in the soil–plant–atmospheric continuum served as the basis for the model. The model was tested with data not used in the original parameter estimation, and very close agreement between observed and predicted values was found. The patterns of xylem pressure potential and leaf surface resistance obtained from simulation runs imply that white oak has a significant amount of stress tolerance and an ability to avoid severe dehydration.

Effect of Mid-day Shading on Stem Diameter, Xylem Pressure Potential, Leaf Surface Resistance, and Net Assimilation Rate in a White Oak Sapling

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Hinckley ◽  
J. L. Chambers ◽  
D. N. Bruckerhoff ◽  
J. E. Roberts ◽  
J. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Surface Resistance ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Net Assimilation Rate ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Pressure Potential ◽  
Xylem Pressure ◽  
Xylem Pressure Potential ◽  
Net Assimilation

The diurnal relationship between xylem pressure potential and stem diameter in white oak (Quercusalba L.) resulted in a hysteresis loop on clear days where, for a given level of xylem pressure potential, the stem was thinner upon rehydration than during dehydration. Cloudy days complicated this pattern by forming a loop within the main loop. This additional loop was caused by the same factor which caused the main loop, the delayed reaction or lag between changes in stem diameter and xylem pressure potential. Both net assimilation rate and leaf surface resistance were closely linked and responded rapidly to changes in radiation. Hydroactive increases in leaf surface resistance were observed as xylem pressure potential decreased below −23 bars. A discussion of the relationship between stem diameter, radiation, leaf surface resistance, and xylem pressure potential is presented.

scholarly journals Association of Phytophthora cinnamomi with White Oak Decline in Southern Ohio

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (8) ◽  
pp. 1026-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annemarie M. Nagle ◽  
Robert P. Long ◽  
Laurence V. Madden ◽  
Pierluigi Bonello
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Quercus Alba ◽  
Oak Decline ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Exponential Relationship ◽  
Root Health

A decline syndrome and widespread mortality of mature white oak tree (Quercus alba) associated with wet and low-lying areas has been recently observed in southern Ohio forests. Previous studies have isolated Phytophthora cinnamomi from white oak rhizospheres. In 2008 and 2009, P. cinnamomi population densities in two healthy and two declining white oak stands at Scioto Trail State Forest were quantified and potential roles of three environmental drivers of Phytophthora spp.–induced decline were assessed: soil texture, soil moisture, and topography. Significantly higher P. cinnamomi propagule densities were found in declining stands in both years but propagule densities were not associated with soil moisture content. Trends in population densities were not correlated with soil moisture or topographic position within field sites. There was a positive, exponential relationship between overall P. cinnamomi population levels and soil moisture on a seasonal scale in 2008 but not 2009. Sites with greater soil clay content were associated with greater decline. Effects of P. cinnamomi inoculum and periodic flooding on root health of 1-year-old potted white oak trees grown in native soil mixes in the greenhouse were examined. Root systems of potted oak were significantly damaged by soil inoculation with P. cinnamomi, especially under flooding conditions. Results of these studies support the hypothesis that P. cinnamomi is a contributing agent to white oak decline in southern Ohio.

Overlaying compacted or uncompacted construction fill has no negative impact on white oak and sweetgum growth and physiology

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan D Day ◽  
John R Seiler ◽  
Richard Kreh ◽  
David W Smith
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Building Construction ◽  
Quercus Alba ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Tree Protection ◽  
Normal Soil ◽  
Consistent Treatment ◽  
Water Contents

Raising the soil grade, frequently required during building construction, is thought to damage trees and is of concern to foresters responsible for tree protection on such sites. We investigated the effects of applying fill over the roots of 22-year-old white oaks (Quercus alba L.) and 13-year-old sweetgums (Liquidambar styraciflua L.). Treatments included a control (no fill), fill (sandy loam C horizon soil spread 20 cm deep), and compacted fill (same as fill but compacted). Trees with fill had soil held away from trunks or not. After 3 years, there was no consistent treatment effect on growth, chlorophyll fluorescence, or soil respiration in either species. Fill disrupted normal soil moisture patterns. White oak plots with fills had lower soil water contents than controls. In sweetgum plots, soil underlying fill was typically drier than fill layers, whereas control plot soil moisture tended to increase with depth. Fills did not affect overall root density for either species. White oak grew roots well into fill soils, but sweetgum did not, although sweetgum root distribution shifted upwards under fills. Other factors associated with raising the grade, such as soil trafficking and root severance, may be responsible for much of the tree decline attributed to fill.

scholarly journals Response of Seed Carrot to Various Water Regimes. I. Vegetative Growth and Plant Water Relations

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (5) ◽  
pp. 715-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.B. Hutmacher ◽  
J.J. Steiner ◽  
J.E. Ayars ◽  
A.B. Mantel ◽  
S.S. Vail
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Rate Of Development

The influence of irrigation frequency and the severity and rate of development of soil water deficits on the vegetative growth and water status of carrots (Daucus carota L. var. sativa DC.) grown for seed were investigated in a fine sandy loam soil. Beginning with the period of rapid development of primary umbels, various irrigation frequencies [daily vs. intervals corresponding to 30 mm of accumulated crop evapotranspiration (ETc)] were investigated at irrigation rates ranging from 40% to 120% of estimated ETC. The magnitude and rate of development of soil water deficits markedly influenced carrot responses to developing water deficits. Stomata] conductance and leaf water potential (LWP) measurements exhibited some potential for use in irrigation scheduling and were the most sensitive and consistent indicators of plant water status. Under low-frequency continuous-deficit irrigation, a combination of moderate reductions in stomatal conductance and major reductions in peak leaf area and late-season maintenance of viable leaf area occurred. These responses were effective water-conserving mechanisms, allowing growth at a reduced rate and continued development of viable seed. In contrast, rapid development of soil water deficits resulted in nearly complete stomatal closure, cessation of growth, and rapid reductions in leaf area.

The influence of a severe drought on net photosynthesis of white oak (Quercus alba)

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip M. Dougherty ◽  
Thomas M. Hinckley
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Pressure Potential ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Xylem Pressure Potential

A prolonged and intense drought during the summer of 1976 caused soil water potential in the upper 45 cm of the soil profile to decrease below −2.5 MPa. Predawn xylem pressure potential (P) frequently was less than −1.8 MPa. Under conditions of high soil moisture, net photosynthesis averaged more than 8.0 mg CO2∙dm−2∙h−1 between 0500 and 1800 hours, and maximum rates of net photosynthesis were above 14.0 mg CO2∙dm−2∙h−1. Average and daily maximum net photosynthesis decreased to less than 1.0 and 8.0 mg CO2∙dm−2∙h−1, respectively, during the peak of the drought. Maximum rates of net photosynthesis observed under controlled light and temperature conditions remained above or near 14.0 mg CO2∙dm−2∙h−1 even when predawn P equalled −1.83 MPa. Net photosynthesis seldom decreased below zero if quantum flux densities were greater than the compensation point during this period of record low soil moisture. Environmental conditions, such as fog and clouds, which reduced leaf temperatures and atmospheric evaporative demand, increased net photosynthesis although predawn P was less than −1.8 MPa. During cloudy days, rates of net photosynthesis were within 80% of those observed under ideal soil moisture conditions. The photosynthetic characteristics of white oak noted during this drought are coupled with other physiological traits of white oak to explain its relative success in the oak–hickory forest type.

Photosynthesis in Coffea arabica. II. Effects of Water Stress

1980 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Kumar ◽  
Larry L. Tieszen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Coffea Arabica ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Plant Water

SUMMARYExperiments were carried out to relate soil moisture to leaf water potential (Ψ1), and to determine the effects of varying Ψ1, on leaf conductances and photosynthesis in coffee. Stomatal conductance was maximum at 0900 h, but plants growing in drier soil showed marked mid-day stomatal closure. After 1500 h, stomata began closing although plant water status improved. Photosynthesis in relation to changing Ψ1 appeared to exhibit roughly three different rates. At the fixed experimental temperature (25°C) low Ψ1 reduced photosynthesis throughits influence on stomata, but under field conditions low Ψ1 and an accompanying rise in temperature could lower the rate by lowering both mesophyll and stomatal conductances.

Water deficits and root growth of ectomycorrhizal white oak seedlings

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Dixon ◽  
G. M. Wright ◽  
G. T. Behrns ◽  
R. O. Teskey ◽  
T. M. Hinckley
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Conductance ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Pressure Potential ◽  
Xylem Pressure ◽  
Xylem Pressure Potential ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Loam Soil

White oak (Quercusalba L.) seedlings grown in a silt loam soil inoculated with Pisolithustinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch exhibited 80% ectomycorrhizal development after a 6-month establishment period whereas the noninoculated controls exhibited less than 5%.When water was withheld and soil water potential decreased as the soil dried, xylem pressure potential and leaf conductance of both the inoculated and noninoculated seedlings declined gradually. At the peak of the drying cycle, the inoculated seedlings exhibited mean prelight and midlight xylem pressure potential values which were 0.2 MPa and 0.15 MPa, respectively, more negative than the noninoculated seedlings. Although the inoculated seedlings had a mean leaf surface area 1.5 times larger than that of the noninoculated seedlings, there were no significant differences in leaf conductance at the peak of the dehydration cycle. Mean rates of root elongation were greater among the inoculated seedlings during the drying cycle. Following reirrigation of the soil, the inoculated seedlings yielded significantly less negative values of prelight and midlight xylem pressure potential and greater leaf conductance when compared to the noninoculated seedlings.

SEASONAL CHANGES IN WATER INTAKE THROUGH BORE HOLES IN WHITE OAK TRUNKS

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 1037-1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnson Parker
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Quercus Alba ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Maximum Daily Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures

Water introduced into bore holes in trunks of Quercus alba L. trees over 6-hour daylight periods at different times of the year was taken up as rapidly by trees without leaves as by trees with leaves. In spring, with ample soil moisture, there seemed to be some relationship between volume of water intake and air temperatures during injection. In autumn, water intake appeared mainly unrelated to maximum daily temperature. There was indication of an increase in water intake as the autumn progressed, although soil moisture may have influenced results. Differences among groups of trees regarding volume of intake in spring and autumn were evident, although there were only slight or insignificant differences in site among these groups.

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