Four parameters of the wound response of loblolly and shortleaf pines to inoculation with the blue-staining fungus associated with the southern pine beetle

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 2403-2409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Cook ◽  
Fred P. Hain
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Wound Response ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Lesion Length ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Resin Flow ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Inner Bark ◽  
Pine Beetle

The wound response of loblolly, Pinus taeda L., and shortleaf, P. echinata Mill., pine was examined for 14 days following wounding and inoculation of the trees with Ceratocystis minor (Hedgecock) Hunt, a fungal associate of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann. Lesion length increased at a constant rate during June, while during July there was an initially rapid lesion formation followed by a leveling off for both tree species. Lesion enlargement occurred faster from days 2 through 7 in July for both species, and at the end of the 14-day study periods, the loblolly pines had a longer average lesion length than did the shortleaf pines during both months. During June, there was an initial increase in resin flow rate followed by a decrease in resin flow rate for several days and then an increased resin flow rate to levels similar to or above the rate measured prior to wounding. During July, the initial increase in resin flow rate following inoculation was not observed. Average soluble-sugar content decreased and monoterpene concentration increased in the lesion inner bark tissue. Inner bark monoterpene composition also changed, with the percentage of α-pinene increasing or remaining unchanged in loblolly pine and decreasing in the shortleaf pine. The observed differences in tree response to fungal invasion may be important in determining if an individual can repel or impede invasion by D. frontalis at different times during the summer.

CARBOHYDRATES OF INNER BARK OF PINUS TAEDA AS AFFECTED BY DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS AND ASSOCIATED MICROORGANISMS

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 489-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley J. Barras ◽  
John D. Hodges
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Inner Bark ◽  
Pine Beetle

AbstractGlucose, fructose, and sucrose were the only sugars detected in inner bark treated with a southern pine beetle–microorganism complex and two beetle-associated fungi. Treatments drastically lowered the reducing-sugar level. Storage of untreated bolts had no effect on reducing-sugar level; sucrose was lowered but not as much as in treated tissue. Starch content remained unchanged in all treatments.

OLEORESIN CHARACTERISTICS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY OF FOUR SOUTHERN PINES TO SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) ATTACKS

1979 ◽  
Vol 111 (8) ◽  
pp. 889-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Hodges ◽  
William W. Elam ◽  
William F. Watson ◽  
T. Evan Nebeker
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Southern Pines ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Loblolly Pines ◽  
Measured Resistance ◽  
Discriminant Function Analyses

AbstractAll four major southern pines can be killed by the southern pine beetle, but loblolly and shortleaf are much more susceptible than longleaf and slash. Oleoresin from more than 50 trees of each species was tested for composition and amount of monoterpenes and resin acids, viscosity, flow (rate, duration, and amount), and rate of crystallization. Discriminant function analyses were used to classify the loblolly and shortleaf trees as to probable resistance. The best classification used physical properties (total flow, flow rate, viscosity, time to crystallization). Supposedly resistant and susceptible trees were subjected to controlled attack, and the chemical and physical properties of four loblolly pines that survived natural attack were measured. Resistance is strongly related to the physical properties of the oleoresin, and can be predicted by these properties. Loblolly and shortleaf trees with “average” properties usually succumb to 100 or more attacks per sq. m of bark surface. Several trees classified as resistant survived a much higher rate of attack.

THE EFFECT OF THE FUNGI CERATOCYSTIS MINOR (HEDGECOCK) HUNT, CERATOCYSTIS MINOR (HEDGECOCK) HUNT VAR. BARRASII TAYLOR, AND SJB 122 ON REPRODUCTION OF THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS ZIMMERMANN (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Goldhammer ◽  
Frederick M. Stephen ◽  
Timothy D. Paine
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Fungal Associations ◽  
Ceratocystis Minor ◽  
F1 Generation

AbstractThe southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, was studied in the laboratory to determine the influence of associated fungi on its reproduction. First-generation (P) surface-sterilized beetles associated with mycangial fungi (Ceratocystis minor [Hedgecock] Hunt var. barrasii Taylor or SJB 122) constructed more galleries and laid more eggs, at faster rates, than P beetles not associated with these mycangial fungi. No significant differences occurred among non-surface-sterilized P beetles associated with the phoretic blue staining fungus Ceratocystis minor (Hedgecock) Hunt and mycangial fungi or among progeny of P beetles (F1 generation) carrying mycangial fungi. P and F1 surface-sterilized beetles produced more eggs at a greater density than non-surface-sterilized beetles associated with blue stain, but gallery length and the rate of construction were not different. P and F1 surface-sterilized beetles laid more eggs and constructed galleries faster than surface-sterilized beetles that carried no mycangial fungi. The re-emergence rate of beetles was fastest for P beetles associated with C. minor and significantly slower for fungus-free P beetles, P beetles carrying only mycangial fungi, and F1 beetles, respectively. The F1 generation emerged fastest when associated with both mycangial fungi and slowest when associated with SJB 122, and C. minor var. barrasii or no fungus, respectively. This study employed a successful new rearing technique for isolating specific southern pine beetle/fungal associations.

Phenology of an induced response in loblolly pine following inoculation of fungi associated with the southern pine beetle

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 1556-1562 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Paine ◽  
F. M. Stephen ◽  
R. G. Cates
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Induced Response ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Lesion Formation ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Loblolly Pines ◽  
Lesion Growth

Loblolly pines (Pinustaeda L.) growing in two plantations were inoculated with fungi that are associated with the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonusfrontalis Zimm. Trees were sampled at 12-h intervals to determine the rate of formation of induced lesions. After an initial lag of 60 h, trees responded to infection by the blue-staining Ceratocystisminor (Hedgcock) Hunt with rapid lesion growth during the next 24 h. Trees inoculated with either of two mycangial fungi, C. minor var. barrasii Barras & Taylor or the basidiomycete, showed only limited lesion growth. Inoculations of combinations of fungi produced similar temporal patterns of lesion growth, but only combinations that included C. minor induced lesions that were significantly longer after 3 weeks than after 12 h. The data from this study suggest that the highly specialized mycangial fungi do not trigger the hypersensitive response in host trees when compared with sterile wounding, whereas the less adapted or less specialized nonmycangial C. minor does induce lesion formation. The delay in lesion formation also suggests that there is an initial period of increased vulnerability, when the tree may be killed before the induced response is manifested.

Physical properties and monoterpene composition of xylem oleoresin along the bole of Pinus taeda in relation to southern pine beetle attack distribution

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Schmitt ◽  
T. E. Nebeker ◽  
C. A. Blanche ◽  
J. D. Hodges
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Total Flow ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Initial Flow ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Monoterpene Composition

Eight trees from each of four different age-classes (5–15, 16–25, 26–35, and 36–45 years) were sampled at 10 equally spaced heights along the bole for xylem oleoresin physical properties (initial flow rate, total flow, and viscosity) and monoterpene composition. Trees in the 36- to 45-year-old age-class had a significantly faster initial resin flow rate and greater total flow than trees from the other age-classes. No significant differences in initial flow rate, total flow, and relative viscosity were observed between sample heights. Unexpected differences in monoterpene composition occurred between age-classes. α-Pinene decreased and β-pinene increased with increasing height for all trees in all age-classes. Camphene decreased with increasing height in the 5- to 15-year-old age-class and β-phellandrene increased with increasing height in the age-classes of 16–25 and 26–35 years. No obvious xylem oleoresin properties at the different heights were observed that might suggest a favorable condition for southern pine beetle attack.

LIGHTNING IN THE ECOLOGY OF THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Hodges ◽  
L. S. Pickard
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Lightning Strikes ◽  
Inner Bark ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels

AbstractLoblolly pine trees struck by lightning offer a favorable attack and brood environment for the southern pine and Ips beetles. In central Louisiana lightning strikes reduced oleoresin exudation pressure, oleoresin flow, and relative water content of inner-bark tissue and resulted in a decrease in sucrose and an increase in reducing-sugar content of inner bark. Interspecific competition was much greater in struck trees than nonstruck trees. Among struck trees, those with highest carbohydrate levels produced the most numerous broods of the southern pine beetle.

The role of oleoresin flow in the induced response of loblolly pine to a southern pine beetle associated fungus

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 368-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A Tisdale ◽  
T Evan Nebeker ◽  
John D Hodges
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Induced Response ◽  
Resin Flow ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Induced Reaction

The influence of total resin flow in loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., on initial inoculation of the blue stain fungus Ophiostoma minus (Hedgc.) Syd. & P. Syd., a fungal associate of southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera:Scolytidae)), was investigated. Resin flow of trees was mechanically manipulated so that it followed the same pattern of decrease and near cessation as seen in trees successfully attacked by southern pine beetle. There were also intermediate treatments where resin flow was allowed to recover. The fungus was inoculated into holes drilled to the xylem surface and allowed to grow for a specified time period. The lesion that formed as a result of the induced reaction was then measured and compared with lesions formed in trees for which resin flow was not manipulated. The experiment was conducted three times in 1993 and 1994 and twice in 1995. It was hypothesized that with decreased resin flow, O. minus would be less inhibited and that growth would be greater before being stopped by the induced reaction. It was found that longer lesions occurred in trees where wounding was prolonged and resin flow was decreased below that of control trees. Mixed results were obtained for trees in intermediate wounding treatments.Key words: oleoresin, blue stain fungus, defenses, bark beetles, induced reaction, Dendroctonus.

Amino acids in inner bark of loblolly pine, as affected by the southern pine beetle and associated microorganisms

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1467-1472 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Hodges ◽  
Stanley J. Barras ◽  
Joe K. Mauldin
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Total N ◽  
Inner Bark ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Qualitative Changes

Infection with two beetle-associated fungi and the beetle-microorganism complex resulted in no qualitative changes in free amino acids and minor changes in protein-bound amino acids. Concentration of most free amino acids and soluble N was decreased, however, and that of most protein-bound amino acids, insoluble N, and total N was increased.

Role of Oleoresin Flow in Initial Colonization of Loblolly Pine by Southern Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 576-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Tisdale ◽  
T. Evan Nebeker ◽  
John D. Hodges
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Resin Flow ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

The influence of total resin flow in loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., on initial colonization by the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), was investigated. Resin flow of trees was manipulated mechanically so that it followed the same pattern of decrease and near cessation as seen in trees successfully attacked by southern pine beetle. There were also intermediate treatments where resin flow was allowed to recover after near cessation. Beetles were introduced by means of mesh cages attached to the mid-bole of trees and left until the end of the longest wounding treatment. In trees where resin flow was reduced, significant increases in number of attacks, total gallery length, and length of gallery free of resin occurred.

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