Vegetative remains of the Magnoliaceae from the Princeton chert (Middle Eocene) of British Columbia

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1327-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio R. S. Cevallos-Ferriz ◽  
Ruth A. Stockey
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Wood Block ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Phloem Structure ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Warm Temperate

One wood block and many small twigs (up to 1.3 cm diam.) with little secondary growth and showing magnoliaceous characters were identified from the Princeton chert locality (Middle Eocene) of British Columbia, Canada. Specimens were studied with a modified cellulose acetate peel technique and hydrofluoric acid. Well-preserved primary tissues include a chambered pith that distinguishes these twigs from other woods in the chert. Secondary xylem has solitary vessels, radial multiples, and clusters, scalariform perforation plates with 8–27 bars, scalariform, transitional, and opposite intervascular pitting, and tyloses. Imperforate tracheary elements with circular bordered pits, heterocellular and homocellular rays, and marginal parenchyma characterize the twigs. Secondary phloem has dilated rays, alternating bands of fibers and thin-walled cells, and sclerified ray and axial cells. In older wood, opposite intervascular pitting and homocellular rays, suggest affinities with Liriodendron L.; however, the presence of opposite, scalariform, and transitional intervascular pitting and secondary phloem structure necessitate its inclusion in Liriodendroxylon Prakash et al. Liriodendroxylon princetonensis Cevallos-Ferriz et Stockey sp.nov. is distinguished from other species in this genus by the presence of homocellular rays, scalariform intervascular pitting, and well-preserved extraxylary tissues that are unknown for the other fossil species. Liriodendroxylon princetonensis adds to the diversity of extinct magnoliaceous plants during the Eocene and represents the oldest known species of this genus. These plants were probably part of the surrounding forest vegetation in the Princeton basin. Like most extant Magnoliales, L. princetonensis probably lived under subtropical to warm-temperate, moist conditions. Key words: Magnoliaceae, Liriodendroxylon, fossil woods, Eocene.

Vegetative Remains of the Rosaceae from the Princeton Chert (Middle Eocene) of British Columbia

IAWA Journal ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio R. S. Cevallos-Ferriz ◽  
Ruth A. Stockey
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Anatomical Variation ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Vessel Elements

Several anatomieally preserved twigs, a branehing speeimen and the wood of a large axis with affinities to Rosaeeae are deseribed from the Prineeton ehert (Middle Eoeene) of British Columbia, Canada. Speeimens are eharaeterised by a heteroeellular pith with a peri-medullary rone of thiek-walled oval eells and semi-ring-porous seeondary xylem with vertieal traumatie duets, fibres with eireular bordered pits, and mostly seanty paratracheal and oeeasionally apotracheal parenehyma. Ray to vessel pitting is similar to the alternate intervaseular pitting. Seeondary phloem is eomposed of tangentially oriented diseontinuous bands of alternating fibres and thinwalled eells. Seeondary eortical tissues are represented by a phelloderm eharaeterised by rectangular eells and phellern with rectangular eoneave eells. Anatomical variation between speeimens can be related to age of the woody axes. Juvenile and mature wood of this speeies differ in vessel arrangement and presenee of scanty paratracheal parenchyma in mature wood. Vessel elements are arranged in radial multiples, oeeasional clusters as well as solitary vessels. Tyloses and dark cellular contents are present mainly in mature wood. Some twigs have a heterocellular pith with a few scattered cells with dark contents or, occasionally, short irregular rows of these cells. In the branching specimen eells of this type also are organised in longer rows. Together, these anatomical features suggest that all specimens belong to the same taxon, Prunus allenbyensis Cevallos-Ferriz ' Stockey n. sp. Anatomy of this plant reinforces the interpretation of a subtropical to temperate climate during the time of deposition.

Wood and Stem Anatomy of Petiveria and Rivina (Caryophyllales); Systematic Implications

IAWA Journal ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherwin Carlquist
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Vessel Morphology ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Type Fiber

Petiveria and Rivina have been placed by various authors close to each other within Phytolaccaceae; widely separated from each other but both within Phytolaccaceae; and within a segregate family (Rivinaceae) but still within the order Caryophyllales. Wood of these monotypic genera proves to be alike in salient qualitative and even quantitative features, including presence of a second cambium, vessel morphology and pit size, nonbordered perforation plates, vasicentric axial parenchyma type, fiber-tracheids with vestigially bordered pits and starch contents, narrow multiseriate rays plus a few uniseriate rays, ray cells predominantly upright and with thin lignified walls and starch content, and presence of both large styloids and packets of coarse raphides in secondary phloem. Although further data are desirable, wood and stern data do not strongly support separation of Petiveria and Rivina from Phytolaccaceae. Quantitative wood features correspond to the short-lived perennial habit ofboth genera, and are indicative ofaxeromorphic wood pattern.

Palynology and geochronology of Eocene beds from Cheslatta Falls and Nazko areas, central British Columbia

1988 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1268-1276 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Rouse ◽  
W. H. Mathews
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Late Eocene ◽  
Early Oligocene ◽  
Early Tertiary ◽  
International Boundary ◽  
Climatic Cooling ◽  
Warm Temperate ◽  
Subtropical Environment

Early Tertiary lavas and sediments were collected from two areas west and south of Prince George, British Columbia, and processed for K/Ar dating and palynoassemblages.Samples from Cheslatta Falls gave K/Ar dates of 36.5 and 37.7 Ma and yielded a palynoassemblage very similar to that from the Jackson Group in Alabama and Mississippi. This Late Eocene assemblage is interpreted as having developed in a humid subtropical environment, prior to a climatic cooling that, we believe, should be assigned to Early Oligocene time.The Tertiary lavas and sediments from the Nazko area, west of Quesnel, gave three Middle Eocene dates and over 60 species of palynomorphs. These correlate with other rocks and palynoassemblages of Kamloops Group equivalents that occur southward across the International Boundary and north to latitude 55°N. The paleoclimate was wet and in the range of very warm temperate to humid subtropical.

scholarly journals Wood and bark anatomy of South African Picrodendraceae with systematic and ecological implications

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Maruta ◽  
◽  
Alexei A. Oskolski ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ecological Implications ◽  
Bark Anatomy ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Marginal Cells ◽  
Bark Structure

Wood and bark structure of Androstachys johnsonii and Hyaenanche globosa (Picrodendraceae) is described. Two species share simple perforation plates, minute to small intervessel pits, and nonseptate fibres; these traits also reported in other Picrodendraceae. Androstachys is distinctive in having scanty paratracheal axial parenchyma and uniseriate rays with vessel-ray pits restricted to marginal cells. Bordered pits on fibre walls is an ancestral condition for the African Picrodendraceae. High vessel frequency and vessel grouping in Androstachys can be adaptive for semi-arid climate with wet summer. Both genera share the subepidermal phellogen initiation and the presence of thick-walled fibers and sclereids in secondary phloem. In Hyaenanche, the bark is dilated by stretching and divisions of parenchyma cells with formation of pseudocortex. Androstachys shows no ray dilatation, but sclerification of its parenchyma can make substantial contribution in bark expansion. Abundant trichomes on epidermis of young shoots of Androstachys are presumably involved in the water uptake from mists.

Stem Anatomy and Development of Successive Cambia in the Neotropical Liana Securidaca Rivinifolia (Polygalaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kishore S. Rajput ◽  
Marina B. Fiamengui ◽  
Carmen R. Marcati
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Successive Cambia ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Diffuse Porous

The pattern of secondary growth and structure of secondary xylem was studied in the stem of the Neotropical liana Securidaca rivinifolia A. St.-Hil. (Polygalaceae). Increase in thickness of the stem was achieved by formation of successive cambia, from which initially two or three successive rings formed complete oval to circular cambia. Thereafter, the successive cambia were always crescent-shaped and never formed a complete cylinder, resulting in dumbbell-shaped cross-sectional outlines of the stems. The first successive cambium originated in the pericyclic parenchyma located outside the crushed protophloem. Prior to the development of cambium, pericyclic parenchyma formed a meristematic band of radially arranged cells. From this band, cells located in the middle of the band became the new ring of cambium. Cells on the inner face of the xylem produced by newly formed cambium differentiated into conjunctive tissue. The first elements to be differentiated from the newly developed cambium were always xylem fibres but differentiation of vessels was also observed occasionally. The xylem was diffuse porous with relatively distinct growth rings and composed of mostly solitary vessels with simple perforation plates, fibres with bordered pits, paratracheal axial parenchyma, and exclusively uniseriate rays.

Paleoecology of Eocene lacustrine varves at Horsefly, British Columbia

1977 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 953-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. H. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Depositional Environment ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Lacustrine Sediments ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Fish Scales ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
Warm Temperate

Middle Eocene lacustrine sediments, cropping out in the valley of the Horsefly River, British Columbia, contain abundant fossils of fishes, fish scales, fish coprolites, insects, leaves, and diatoms. The fish scales, insects, and leaves are preserved in at least three sequences of alternating light tuff and dark sapropel laminae, separated stratigraphically by coarse-grained structureless sequences. The proportions of the main types of fossils occurring in the light laminae compared with the dark laminae are significantly different, and are consistent with the hypothesis that the laminations are varves, with dark organic winter laminae and light inorganic summer laminae. Occasional graded sandy layers contain carbonized allochthonous plant remains and represent turbidity deposits caused by storms in the drainage basin.It is proposed here that the varves were deposited in the deeper regions of a stratified, monomictic or meromictic lake in a warm temperate climate. The depositional environment was anaerobic, containing abundant hydrogen sulphide, and was free of turbulence and benthos. Fish were entombed mostly during the winter, insects during the spring and summer, coprolites during the summer, and deciduous leaves during the late summer and autumn. The fish died of starvation and (or) overturn-induced anoxia.

Betula leaves and reproductive structures from the Middle Eocene of British Columbia, Canada

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 2490-2500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter R. Crane ◽  
Ruth A. Stockey
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Extant Genus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Systematic Relationships

Fossil angiosperm leaves from the Middle Eocene Allenby Formation, at One Mile Creek near Princeton, southern British Columbia, are described and assigned to Betula leopoldae Wolfe & Wehr. Morphological details of associated infructescences, fruits, staminate inflorescences, and pollen are also very similar to those of extant Betula. Based on association evidence and independently determined systematic relationships, we suggest that the vegetative and reproductive structures were produced by a single fossil species. Combined information from all the organs available suggests that this Eocene Betula is most closely related to species in section Eubetula, subsection Costatae of the extant genus. Material from One Mile Creek constitutes the earliest fully documented record of the genus Betula based on both vegetative and reproductive structures. In the context of the fossil history of the Betulaceae as a whole, it indicates that the two extant genera of the Betuleae, Alnus and Betula, were clearly differentiated by the Middle Eocene.

The vegetative body of Metasequoia milleri from the Middle Eocene of southern British Columbia

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 2379-2410 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Basinger
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Epidermal Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Metasequoia Glyptostroboides ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Marsh Soil ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Resin Ducts

Anatomically preserved vegetative remains of Metasequoia milleri Rothwell and Basinger are common in the Princeton chert of the Allenby Formation in southern British Columbia. Deposition of the Allenby Formation and associated volcanics occurred during Middle Eocene time. The Princeton chert locality is in the upper strata of the Allenby Formation and is of late Middle Eocene age. The Princeton chert was formed by siliceous permineralization of marsh soil. Dissolved silicates were probably introduced by periodic influx of water from mineral springs or geysers.Anatomical features of stems, wood, and leaves are well preserved. Mature wood of the fossil resembles that of Metasequoia glyptostroboides in having traumatic resin cysts; opposite pitting on radial walls of tracheids; taxodioid cross-field pitting; tall, uniseriate rays; smooth-walled ray parenchyma; and diffuse, resinous, smooth-walled wood parenchyma. Leaves are linear, hypostomatic, and borne decussately, and have one or three resin ducts and slightly undulate to smooth epidermal cell walls. Leaves of living M. glyptostroboides differ in consistently having three resin ducts and much more pronounced undulations of epidermal cell walls. Metasequoia milleri has leaves of a generalized structure from which leaf types of many taxodiaceous genera could be derived. Roots associated with M. milleri are dimorphic. Primary tissues and secondary phloem are exceedingly well preserved. Cortex of both long and short roots contains mycorrhizal fungi.Compression remains of M. occidentalis are not distinguishable from M. glyptostroboides. Anatomical features of M. milleri, however, do reveal differences between Eocene and living Metasequoia. Wood rays of M. milleri are much higher than those of M. glyptostroboides. Other features of stem anatomy are similar in both species. Pollen cones differ in developmental and minor anatomical features. The close similarity of most organs of M. milleri to M. glyptostroboides and the dissimilarity of leaf structure indicate mosaic evolution within the genus.

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