The vegetative body of Metasequoia milleri from the Middle Eocene of southern British Columbia

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 2379-2410 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Basinger
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Epidermal Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Metasequoia Glyptostroboides ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Marsh Soil ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Resin Ducts

Anatomically preserved vegetative remains of Metasequoia milleri Rothwell and Basinger are common in the Princeton chert of the Allenby Formation in southern British Columbia. Deposition of the Allenby Formation and associated volcanics occurred during Middle Eocene time. The Princeton chert locality is in the upper strata of the Allenby Formation and is of late Middle Eocene age. The Princeton chert was formed by siliceous permineralization of marsh soil. Dissolved silicates were probably introduced by periodic influx of water from mineral springs or geysers.Anatomical features of stems, wood, and leaves are well preserved. Mature wood of the fossil resembles that of Metasequoia glyptostroboides in having traumatic resin cysts; opposite pitting on radial walls of tracheids; taxodioid cross-field pitting; tall, uniseriate rays; smooth-walled ray parenchyma; and diffuse, resinous, smooth-walled wood parenchyma. Leaves are linear, hypostomatic, and borne decussately, and have one or three resin ducts and slightly undulate to smooth epidermal cell walls. Leaves of living M. glyptostroboides differ in consistently having three resin ducts and much more pronounced undulations of epidermal cell walls. Metasequoia milleri has leaves of a generalized structure from which leaf types of many taxodiaceous genera could be derived. Roots associated with M. milleri are dimorphic. Primary tissues and secondary phloem are exceedingly well preserved. Cortex of both long and short roots contains mycorrhizal fungi.Compression remains of M. occidentalis are not distinguishable from M. glyptostroboides. Anatomical features of M. milleri, however, do reveal differences between Eocene and living Metasequoia. Wood rays of M. milleri are much higher than those of M. glyptostroboides. Other features of stem anatomy are similar in both species. Pollen cones differ in developmental and minor anatomical features. The close similarity of most organs of M. milleri to M. glyptostroboides and the dissimilarity of leaf structure indicate mosaic evolution within the genus.

Vegetative remains of the Magnoliaceae from the Princeton chert (Middle Eocene) of British Columbia

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1327-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio R. S. Cevallos-Ferriz ◽  
Ruth A. Stockey
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Wood Block ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Phloem Structure ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Warm Temperate

One wood block and many small twigs (up to 1.3 cm diam.) with little secondary growth and showing magnoliaceous characters were identified from the Princeton chert locality (Middle Eocene) of British Columbia, Canada. Specimens were studied with a modified cellulose acetate peel technique and hydrofluoric acid. Well-preserved primary tissues include a chambered pith that distinguishes these twigs from other woods in the chert. Secondary xylem has solitary vessels, radial multiples, and clusters, scalariform perforation plates with 8–27 bars, scalariform, transitional, and opposite intervascular pitting, and tyloses. Imperforate tracheary elements with circular bordered pits, heterocellular and homocellular rays, and marginal parenchyma characterize the twigs. Secondary phloem has dilated rays, alternating bands of fibers and thin-walled cells, and sclerified ray and axial cells. In older wood, opposite intervascular pitting and homocellular rays, suggest affinities with Liriodendron L.; however, the presence of opposite, scalariform, and transitional intervascular pitting and secondary phloem structure necessitate its inclusion in Liriodendroxylon Prakash et al. Liriodendroxylon princetonensis Cevallos-Ferriz et Stockey sp.nov. is distinguished from other species in this genus by the presence of homocellular rays, scalariform intervascular pitting, and well-preserved extraxylary tissues that are unknown for the other fossil species. Liriodendroxylon princetonensis adds to the diversity of extinct magnoliaceous plants during the Eocene and represents the oldest known species of this genus. These plants were probably part of the surrounding forest vegetation in the Princeton basin. Like most extant Magnoliales, L. princetonensis probably lived under subtropical to warm-temperate, moist conditions. Key words: Magnoliaceae, Liriodendroxylon, fossil woods, Eocene.

Vegetative Remains of the Rosaceae from the Princeton Chert (Middle Eocene) of British Columbia

IAWA Journal ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio R. S. Cevallos-Ferriz ◽  
Ruth A. Stockey
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Anatomical Variation ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Vessel Elements

Several anatomieally preserved twigs, a branehing speeimen and the wood of a large axis with affinities to Rosaeeae are deseribed from the Prineeton ehert (Middle Eoeene) of British Columbia, Canada. Speeimens are eharaeterised by a heteroeellular pith with a peri-medullary rone of thiek-walled oval eells and semi-ring-porous seeondary xylem with vertieal traumatie duets, fibres with eireular bordered pits, and mostly seanty paratracheal and oeeasionally apotracheal parenehyma. Ray to vessel pitting is similar to the alternate intervaseular pitting. Seeondary phloem is eomposed of tangentially oriented diseontinuous bands of alternating fibres and thinwalled eells. Seeondary eortical tissues are represented by a phelloderm eharaeterised by rectangular eells and phellern with rectangular eoneave eells. Anatomical variation between speeimens can be related to age of the woody axes. Juvenile and mature wood of this speeies differ in vessel arrangement and presenee of scanty paratracheal parenchyma in mature wood. Vessel elements are arranged in radial multiples, oeeasional clusters as well as solitary vessels. Tyloses and dark cellular contents are present mainly in mature wood. Some twigs have a heterocellular pith with a few scattered cells with dark contents or, occasionally, short irregular rows of these cells. In the branching specimen eells of this type also are organised in longer rows. Together, these anatomical features suggest that all specimens belong to the same taxon, Prunus allenbyensis Cevallos-Ferriz ' Stockey n. sp. Anatomy of this plant reinforces the interpretation of a subtropical to temperate climate during the time of deposition.

Metasequoia milleri n.sp., anatomically preserved pollen cones from the Middle Eocene (Allenby Formation) of British Columbia

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 958-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gar W. Rothwell ◽  
James F. Basinger
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Metasequoia Glyptostroboides ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
Exine Ornamentation ◽  
Pollen Sacs ◽  
Pollen Cone ◽  
Fertile Region ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Subtending Leaves

The discovery of well preserved, permineralized plant remains in Eocene sediments near Princeton, British Columbia, provides an opportunity to describe Metasequoia milleri, a new species of taxodiaceous pollen cone. Individual specimens are up to 3.0 mm long and 2.9 mm in diameter and are subtended by a vegetative zone of scale-like leaves. Approximately 30 microsporophylls are attached to the axis, and each bears three ovoid pollen sacs. The distal-most subtending leaves imbricate and enclose the fertile region. Pollen is ovoid to subspheroidal with an erect, protruding leptoma. Grains measure 19–27 μn in diameter and have verrucate exine ornamentation with numerous orbicules. These fossils show that pollen cones anatomically similar to those of extant Metasequoia glyptostroboides were present as early as Middle Eocene time.

Seed cones of Metasequoia milleri from the Middle Eocene of southern British Columbia

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Basinger
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Metasequoia Glyptostroboides ◽  
Adaxial Surface ◽  
Close Resemblance ◽  
Cone Axis ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Cone Scale

Permineralized ovulate cones of Metasequoia milleri Rothwell and Basinger (Taxodiaceae) are preserved in silicified peats of the Middle Eocene Allenby Formation near Princeton, B.C., Canada. Cones are about 17 mm wide and 25 mm long and are borne terminally on sparsely leaved stalks or peduncles. Twenty to 30 cone scales are arranged decussately on the cone axis. Externally, cone scales are broadly hexagonal and labiate in appearance owing to a medial cleft. Several ovules, with micropyles directed toward the cone axis, are attached to the adaxial surface of the cone scale. Seeds are 3–4 mm wide and about 5 mm long, with two lateral wings each approximately equal in size to the central seed body. Anatomical similarity to and close association with pollen cones and vegetative remains of M. milleri indicate that all organs belong to a single species. The vegetative body and pollen cones of M. milleri differ in few respects from those of living Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu and Cheng. The seed cones of M. milleri cannot be distinguished from those of the living species. The close resemblance of the two species indicates evolutionary near stasis, at least structurally, throughout the Tertiary.

Ectodesmata as Revealed By Freeze-Etch Preparations of Plant Epidermal Cell Walls

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 468-469
Author(s):  
N.C. Lyon ◽  
W. C. Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Epidermal Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Thin Sections

Schumacher and Halbsguth first demonstrated ectodesmata as pores or channels in the epidermal cell walls in haustoria of Cuscuta odorata L. by light microscopy in tissues fixed in a sublimate fixative (30% ethyl alcohol, 30 ml:glacial acetic acid, 10 ml: 65% nitric acid, 1 ml: 40% formaldehyde, 5 ml: oxalic acid, 2 g: mecuric chloride to saturation 2-3 g). Other workers have published electron micrographs of structures transversing the outer epidermal cell in thin sections of plant leaves that have been interpreted as ectodesmata. Such structures are evident following treatment with Hg++ or Ag+ salts and are only rarely observed by electron microscopy. If ectodesmata exist without such treatment, and are not artefacts, they would afford natural pathways of entry for applied foliar solutions and plant viruses.

Vegetative Growth of Eorhiza arnoldii Robison and Person from the Middle Eocene Princeton Chert Locality of British Columbia

1994 ◽  
Vol 155 (5) ◽  
pp. 606-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth A. Stockey ◽  
Kathleen B. Pigg
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Middle Eocene

Further observations on Paleorosa similkameenensis (Rosaceae) from the Middle Eocene Princeton chert of British Columbia, Canada

1993 ◽  
Vol 78 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 277-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio R.S. Cevallos-Ferriz ◽  
Diane M. Erwin ◽  
Ruth A. Stockey
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Middle Eocene

Fossil Mosses from the Bisaccate Zone of the Mid-Eocene Allenby Formation, British Columbia

1974 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Kuc
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
Lake Bottom ◽  
White Colour

New fossil taxa (Ditrichites fylesi, Muscites maycocki, M. ritchiei, Palaeohypnum jovet-asti and P. steerei); unnamed moss and moss-like fossils, detrital fragments of various plant tissues, and paleobotanical evidence of the bisaccate zone are described from the Middle Eocene Allenby Formation near Princeton, British Columbia. These remains occur in laminated, tuffaceous, silty and pyroclastic shale, deposited under lacustrine conditions.Detailed examination of the various laminae indicates that beds of white colour and composed of coarser silt grains are poor in fossils and could be related to periods of decreasing bioproduction; less silty and darker coloured beds are rich in macro- and microfossils and could be related to periods of extensive bioproduction. The rock features, lamination, and distribution of macrofossils indicate the slow and undisturbed accumulation of plant remains on a lake bottom.

Anatomy and Chemical Composition of Pinus Pinaster Bark

IAWA Journal ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsa Nunes ◽  
Teresa Quilhó ◽  
Helena Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Pinus Pinaster ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Scale Type ◽  
Resin Ducts ◽  
Sieve Cells ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

The secondary phloem of Pinus pinaster Aiton bark has sieve cells and axial and radial parenchyma, but no fibres. Resin ducts are present in fusiform rays . Stiloid crystals, starch granules and tannins occur inside sieve and parenchyma cells. The rhytidome of P. pinaster bark has a variable number of periderms forming scale-type discontinuous layers over expanded parenchyma cells. Phellem comprises 4-6 layers of thickwaIled and little suberized cells and phelloderm a layer of 2 or 3 thickened lignified ceIls and a layer of expanded cells.

Eocene age for Ag–Pb–Zn–Au vein and replacement deposits of the Kokanee Range, southeastern British Columbia

1992 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Beaudoin ◽  
J. C. Roddick ◽  
D. F. Sangster
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Middle Jurassic ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Hanging Wall ◽  
Spatial Association ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Genetic Link ◽  
Metasedimentary Rocks ◽  
Magmatic Event

The Ag–Pb–Zn–Au vein and replacement deposits of the Kokanee Range, southeastern British Columbia, are hosted by the Middle Jurassic Nelson batholith and surrounding Cambrian to Triassic metasedimentary rocks in the hanging wall of the transcrustal Slocan Lake Fault, Field relations indicate that mineralization is younger than the Nelson batholith and a Middle Jurassic foliation in the Ainsworth area but coeval or older than Eocene unroofing of the Valhalla metamorphic core complex in the footwall of the Slocan Lake Fault. Lamprophyre and gabbro dykes are broadly coeval with mineralization and have biotite and hornblende K–Ar ages defining a short-lived Middle Eocene alkaline magmatic event between 52 and 40 Ma. An older, Early Cretaceous alkaline magmatic event (141 – 129 Ma) is possible but incompletely documented.K–Ar and step-heating 40Ar/39Ar analyses on hydrothermal vein and alteration muscovite indicate that hydrothermal fluids were precipitating vein and replacement deposits 58–59 Ma ago. Crosscutting relationships with lamprophyre dykes indicate the Kokanee Range hydrothermal system lasted for more than 15 Ma. Eocene crustal extension resulted in a high heat flow and structures which were probably responsible for hydrothermal fluid movement and flow paths.A 100 Ma time interval is documented between batholith emplacement and spatially associated mineralization, ruling out any genetic link between the two. Similar large age differences between granite intrusion and peripheral mineralization have recently been documented for two world-sea le Ag–Pb–Zn vein districts, which suggest that spatial association between granite and Ag–Pb–Zn mineralization is not sufficient to infer a genetic link.

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