scholarly journals Wood and bark anatomy of South African Picrodendraceae with systematic and ecological implications

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Maruta ◽  
◽  
Alexei A. Oskolski ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ecological Implications ◽  
Bark Anatomy ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Marginal Cells ◽  
Bark Structure

Wood and bark structure of Androstachys johnsonii and Hyaenanche globosa (Picrodendraceae) is described. Two species share simple perforation plates, minute to small intervessel pits, and nonseptate fibres; these traits also reported in other Picrodendraceae. Androstachys is distinctive in having scanty paratracheal axial parenchyma and uniseriate rays with vessel-ray pits restricted to marginal cells. Bordered pits on fibre walls is an ancestral condition for the African Picrodendraceae. High vessel frequency and vessel grouping in Androstachys can be adaptive for semi-arid climate with wet summer. Both genera share the subepidermal phellogen initiation and the presence of thick-walled fibers and sclereids in secondary phloem. In Hyaenanche, the bark is dilated by stretching and divisions of parenchyma cells with formation of pseudocortex. Androstachys shows no ray dilatation, but sclerification of its parenchyma can make substantial contribution in bark expansion. Abundant trichomes on epidermis of young shoots of Androstachys are presumably involved in the water uptake from mists.

Bark Structure of Deciduous Broad-Leaved Trees Grown in the San'in Region, Japan

IAWA Journal ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Furuno
Keyword(s):  
Individual Species ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Broadleaved Tree Species ◽  
Broadleaved Tree ◽  
Bark Anatomy ◽  
Bark Structure ◽  
Diffuse Distribution

The bark anatomy of 55 deciduous broadleaved tree species from the San'in Region is described. Anatomical features of ray and axial parenchyma cells, phloem fibres, and sclereids are tabulated. Individual species have their own characteristic bark structure. The diversity in tissue arrangement in the secondary phloem could be classified according to the following types: 1a. Phloem fibres in concentric bands alternating with bands ofaxial parenchyma devoid of crystals and sieve elements; 1b. Fibre-sclereids (sclerotic fibres) in concentric bands; 2. As 1a, but fibre bands f1anked by chambered crystalliferous parenchyma; 3a. Broad rays sclerified and extending fanwise or with a very large clump of sclereids; 3b. In species with only narrow wood rays, part of the rays dilated to produce fanwise extensions; 4. Aggregate rays with fanwise extensions; 5. Phloem fibres in round or spindle-shaped clusters or irregular, short bands; 6. Phloem sclereids in round or spindle-shaped clusters or irregular, short bands; 7. Diffuse distribution of all phloem elements; 8. Convergence ofrays towards the cortex.

Bark and wood anatomy of Leucosidea and Cliffortia (Sanguisorbeae, Rosaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-28
Author(s):  
Ekaterina L. Kotina ◽  
Alexei A. Oskolski ◽  
Patricia M. Tilney ◽  
Ben-Erik Van Wyk
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
The South ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
The Family ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Bark Structure ◽  
First Time

The wood and bark structure of Leucosidea sericea and two species of Cliffortia, the South African members of the tribe Sanguisorbeae (Rosaceae) are described. These two genera share few anatomical traits (the presence of schizo-rhexigenous intercellular spaces in the cortex, almost exclusively simple perforation plates, small alternate intervessel pits, etc.) with other Rosaceae. However, Leucosidea shows a distinct storied structure of the secondary phloem and wood as well as stratification of the secondary phloem, with conductive elements and nonsclerified crystalliferous axial parenchyma arranged into alternating bands. These conditions are recorded for the first time for the family Rosaceae. In contrast to Leucosidea, two species of Cliffortia show neither storied structure of secondary phloem and xylem, nor stratification of secondary phloem.

Bark Structure and Intergeneric Relationships of Some Southern African Cassinoideae (Celastraceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Archer ◽  
Abraham E. van Wyk
Keyword(s):  
Southern Africa ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Considerable Extent ◽  
Wide Sense ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
African Species ◽  
Bark Anatomy ◽  
Bark Structure

At present Cassine in southern Africa is treated in a wide sense (s.l.), including amongst others Allocassine p. p., Cassines. str., Crocoxylon, Elaeodendron, Lauridia, and Mystroxylon. A comparative anatomical study was made of mature bark representing 16 southern African species of Cassine s.l., and the monotypic Allocassine, Hartogiella and Maurocenia (all members of the subfamily Cassinoideae). Six bark types are distinguished on the basis of the type of sclerenchymatous elements in the secondary phloem; presence or absence of styloid crystals, e1astic threads, and sclerified phelloderm; stratified homogeneous phellem; and degree of rhytidome development. These correlate to a considerable extent with the generic subdivision of Cassine s.l. proposed by Loesener (1942) and Robson (1965). On the basis of bark anatomy and other evidence, it is proposed that the circumscription of Cassine be restricted to include only the southern African species C. peragua and C. parvifolia, and possibly Hartogiella. Crocoxylon, Elaeodendron, Lauridia and Mystroxylon should be reinstated or maintained, although with some modification of the originally defined generic limits.

Vegetative remains of the Magnoliaceae from the Princeton chert (Middle Eocene) of British Columbia

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1327-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio R. S. Cevallos-Ferriz ◽  
Ruth A. Stockey
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Wood Block ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Phloem Structure ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Warm Temperate

One wood block and many small twigs (up to 1.3 cm diam.) with little secondary growth and showing magnoliaceous characters were identified from the Princeton chert locality (Middle Eocene) of British Columbia, Canada. Specimens were studied with a modified cellulose acetate peel technique and hydrofluoric acid. Well-preserved primary tissues include a chambered pith that distinguishes these twigs from other woods in the chert. Secondary xylem has solitary vessels, radial multiples, and clusters, scalariform perforation plates with 8–27 bars, scalariform, transitional, and opposite intervascular pitting, and tyloses. Imperforate tracheary elements with circular bordered pits, heterocellular and homocellular rays, and marginal parenchyma characterize the twigs. Secondary phloem has dilated rays, alternating bands of fibers and thin-walled cells, and sclerified ray and axial cells. In older wood, opposite intervascular pitting and homocellular rays, suggest affinities with Liriodendron L.; however, the presence of opposite, scalariform, and transitional intervascular pitting and secondary phloem structure necessitate its inclusion in Liriodendroxylon Prakash et al. Liriodendroxylon princetonensis Cevallos-Ferriz et Stockey sp.nov. is distinguished from other species in this genus by the presence of homocellular rays, scalariform intervascular pitting, and well-preserved extraxylary tissues that are unknown for the other fossil species. Liriodendroxylon princetonensis adds to the diversity of extinct magnoliaceous plants during the Eocene and represents the oldest known species of this genus. These plants were probably part of the surrounding forest vegetation in the Princeton basin. Like most extant Magnoliales, L. princetonensis probably lived under subtropical to warm-temperate, moist conditions. Key words: Magnoliaceae, Liriodendroxylon, fossil woods, Eocene.

WOOD ANATOMY OF MYRCIARIA, NEOMITRANTHES, PLINIA AND SIPHONEUGENA SPECIES (MYRTEAE, MYRTACEAE)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel U.C.A. Santos ◽  
Cátia H. Callado ◽  
Marcelo da Costa Souza ◽  
Cecilia G. Costa
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Square Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Fruit Characters

Myrciaria, Neomitranthes, Plinia and Siphoneugena are closely related genera whose circumscriptions are controversial. The distinctions between Myrciaria vs. Plinia, and Neomitranthes vs. Siphoneugena, have been based on a few fruit characters. The wood anatomy of 24 species of these genera was examined to determine if wood anatomical features could help delimit the genera. It was determined the four genera cannot reliably be separated by wood anatomy alone. Characteristics seen in all four genera are: growth rings usually poorly-defined; diffuse porous; exclusively solitary vessels, usually circular to oval in outline; simple perforation plates; vessel-ray pits alternate and distinctly bordered; fibers with distinctly bordered pits in radial and tangential walls, usually very thickwalled; vasicentric tracheids typically absent; scanty paratracheal parenchyma, sometimes unilateral, and diffuse to diffuse-in-aggregates; chambered crystalliferous axial parenchyma in many species, usually both prismatic and smaller crystals; rays 1–4-seriate, uniseriate rays composed of upright/square cells, multiseriate rays with procumbent body cells and 1 to many marginal rows of upright/square cells; disjunctive ray parenchyma cells usually present.

BARK ANATOMY OF SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICAN CUPRESSACEAE

IAWA Journal ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Antonio De Magistris ◽  
María Agueda Castro
Keyword(s):  
South American ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Resin Ducts ◽  
The Family ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Strasburger Cells ◽  
Bark Anatomy ◽  
Marginal Cells ◽  
Fitzroya Cupressoides

Anatomical and macroscopic features of the bark are described for the Cupressaceae indigenous to southern South America: Austrocedrus chilensis, Fitzroya cupressoides and Pilgerodendron uviferum. Macroscopically there are two different types: 1) with rather deep longitudinal and transverse fissures, and short ridges or scales varying in adherence (Austrocedrus); and 2) with deep fissures, and elongate and wide ridges, which contain the rhytidome accumulated over several years (Fitzroya and Pilgerodendron). The pattern of the secondary phloem of the three species studied agrees closely with that of the other genera of Cupressaceae, but there are diagnostic differences as well: arrangement of the fibre rows, fibre types, frequency of resin ducts and the ray height. Pilgerodendron uviferum shows rays with erect marginal cells, similar to Strasburger cells, whereas ray sclereids in the fibre crossing zones were only observed in Austrocedrus. Resin ducts are present in Austrocedrus and Fitzroya. The main characteristics are used for an identification key. Anatomical relations with other genera of the family are discussed.

scholarly journals Anatomia da madeira e casca da Bracatinga, Mimosa scabrella Benth.

1995 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
José Newton Cardoso Marchiori
Keyword(s):  
Inner Bark ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
Bark Anatomy ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Bark Structure

The general, macroscopic and microscopic features of the wood of Mimosa scabrella Benth. are described, as well as its bark anatomy. The wood and bark structure are compared with literature references. Vessels with simple perforation plates, alternate and vestured intervascular pitting, libriform fibres, homogeneous rays with procumbent cells and the conspicuous ripple marks in radial sections, are the most important features in this wood. Irregular groups of phloematic fibres in the inner bark, surrounded by chrystalliferous parenchyma strands, and the tangencial growing of rays in the middle bark, are the most important features observed in the bark.

Wood and Stem Anatomy of Petiveria and Rivina (Caryophyllales); Systematic Implications

IAWA Journal ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherwin Carlquist
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Vessel Morphology ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Type Fiber

Petiveria and Rivina have been placed by various authors close to each other within Phytolaccaceae; widely separated from each other but both within Phytolaccaceae; and within a segregate family (Rivinaceae) but still within the order Caryophyllales. Wood of these monotypic genera proves to be alike in salient qualitative and even quantitative features, including presence of a second cambium, vessel morphology and pit size, nonbordered perforation plates, vasicentric axial parenchyma type, fiber-tracheids with vestigially bordered pits and starch contents, narrow multiseriate rays plus a few uniseriate rays, ray cells predominantly upright and with thin lignified walls and starch content, and presence of both large styloids and packets of coarse raphides in secondary phloem. Although further data are desirable, wood and stern data do not strongly support separation of Petiveria and Rivina from Phytolaccaceae. Quantitative wood features correspond to the short-lived perennial habit ofboth genera, and are indicative ofaxeromorphic wood pattern.

Bark Structure and Preferential Bark Utilisation by the African Elephant

IAWA Journal ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Malan ◽  
Abraham E. van Wyk
Keyword(s):  
African Elephant ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Phloem Tissue ◽  
Fracture Properties ◽  
Game Reserve ◽  
Hypo Thesis ◽  
Preferred Species ◽  
Bark Anatomy ◽  
Bark Structure ◽  
Preferential Feeding

Bark fracture properties are thought to influence the debarking of selected trees by the African elephant. This hypo thesis was tested for large riverine tree species in the Northern Tuli Game Reserve, Botswana. An index of bark breakage strength and pliability of secondary phloem tissue was compiled for 11 common riverine species, and the bark anatomy of these species was investigated to determine relative fibrosity. The majority of species preferred by elephants have strong and pliable barks, associated with a high proportion of fibres. However, not all preferred species have these characteristics, which indicates that factors other than bark fracture properties affect species preference. Bark structure influences the way pieces of bark are stripped from a tree trunk during debarking. It is hoped that this paper will stimulate further studies on the effects of bark structure on the preferential feeding behaviour of the African elephant.

Bark anatomy of Nothofagus species (Nothofagaceae) indigenous to the Andean - Patagonian forest, Argentina

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Castro ◽  
N. M. Apóstolo ◽  
A. A. De Magistris
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Infrageneric Classification ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Sieve Plates ◽  
Bark Anatomy ◽  
Patagonian Forest ◽  
Bark Structure

The bark structure of Nothofagus alpina (Poepp. et Endl.) Oerst., N. antarctica (G.Forster) Oerst. N. obliqua (Mirbel) Oerst., N. pumilio (Poepp. et Endl.) Krasser, N. betuloides (Mirbel) Oerst. and N. dombeyi (Mirbel) Oerst, native species from the Andean–Patagonian forests (Argentina), is described. Barks of the Nothofagus species are greyish to dark brown and have deep fissures, except that of N. obliqua. Non-collapsed secondary phloem has abundant sieve elements with scalariform compound sieve plates in oblique end walls, and with rounded to polygonal sieve areas in tangential walls. Axial parenchyma in secondary phloem is diffuse and/or arranged in discontinuous uni–triseriate tangential lines and bands. Crystalliferous axial parenchyma is present adjacent to sclerenchyma. Rays are usually homocellular, exclusively uniseriate in N. dombeyi to bi–triseriate in the other species. Fibres in secondary phloem are arranged in clusters, tangential lines and bands. Combined fibre and sclereid clusters are present in N. betuloides. Persistent rhytidomes usually include a variable proportion of bark. The present study helps to confirm the taxonomic placement of Nothofagaceae as a distinct family from Fagaceae, and supports the infrageneric classification of Nothofagus proposed by different authors.

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