Two alternative pathways of somatic embryo origin from polyembryonic mature stored seeds of Pinus koraiensis Sieb et Zucc.

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Bozhkov ◽  
I. S. Ahn ◽  
Y. G. Park
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Pinus Koraiensis ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Alternative Pathways ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Embryo Origin

Individual mature stored seeds of Pinus koraiensis sometimes contain several viable zygotic embryos originated through the processes of simple and cleavage polyembryony. To induce the embryonic process, isolated zygotic embryos were cultured on five different media all supplemented with 10 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 5 μM 6-benzyladenine. Two alternative pathways of somatic embryo origin were revealed. The first pathway was associated with the production of a friable, translucent callus in the hypocotyls–cotyledon region of the dominant zygotic embryo. The second pathway was related to the proliferation of a translucent, moist, and mucilaginous tissue (termed embryonal–suspensor mass) in the suspensor region of the dominant zygotic embryo. Both types of tissues contained early somatic embryos. Regression analysis has shown a strong negative correlation between the frequencies of formation of embryogenic callus and embryonal–suspensor mass both at 3 and 8 weeks of culture (r = − 0.85; p = 0.07 and r = −0.71; p = 0.17, respectively). Key words: Pinus koraiensis; polyembryonal seeds; somatic embryogenesis; embryogénie callus; embryonal–suspensor mass.

scholarly journals Induction of somatic embryogenesis in Pinus heldreichii culture

2007 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragana Stojicic ◽  
Branka Uzelac ◽  
Dusica Janosevic ◽  
Ljubinka Culafic ◽  
Snezana Budimir
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Embryogenic Tissue ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Immature Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Induction Frequency ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Further Development

The potential for somatic embryogenesis in zygotic embryo and megagametophyte cultures of Pinus heldreichii was examined. Somatic embryogenesis was initiated from megagametophytes containing immature zygotic embryos at early stages of development. An induction frequency of up to 6.7% was obtained on Gresshoff and Doy medium in the presence of 2 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.5 mg/l benzyladenine (BA). Formation and further proliferation of embryogenic tissue were achieved upon transfer of explants to a medium with reduced levels of growth regulators. Somatic embryos are being cultured for further development. .

scholarly journals INTRODUCTION OF β-GLUCURONIDASE GENE INTO GINSENG (PANAX CINSENG) BY A TI-PLASMID VECTOR SYSTEM AND ITS EXPRESSION

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 621e-621
Author(s):  
Jang R. Liu ◽  
Haeng S. Lee ◽  
Suk W. Kim ◽  
Hyo W. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Binary Vector ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Plasmid Vector ◽  
Vector System ◽  
Selection Marker ◽  
35S Promoter ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Gus Gene ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

β-Glucuronidase (GUS) gene of Escherichia coli was introduced into ginseng cells by an Agrobacterium binary vector system and expressed in somatic embryos derived from the cells. A binary vector pBI121 carrying CaMV 35S promoter-GUS gene fusion and a neomycin phosphotransferase gene as selection marker was transferred into Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404. Zygotic embryo cotyledonary segments were co-cultivated with A. tumefaciens and transferred to the medium containg 1 mg 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid/liter, 0.5 mg kinetin/liter, and 100 mg kanamycin/liter. Kanamycin-resistant calli were formed after 3 to 4 weeks of culture. Southern analysis confirmed the resistant calli were transformed with GUS gene. High GUS activities were detected in somatic embryos developed from the calli.

Soybean somatic embryo maturation: composition, respiration and water relations

1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Slawinska ◽  
R. L. Obendorf
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Embryo Maturation ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Somatic Embryo Maturation ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

AbstractEmbryogenesis was induced on cotyledons of immature zygotic embryos of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) placed on solid medium containing 62.5 mm glutamine, soybean seed growth medium salts and vitamins, and 40 mg I−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) plus 175 mm maltose, or 8 mg I−1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) plus 88 mM sucrose. Somatic embryo development was continued in liquid medium containing 0.16 mg I−1 indole-3-butyric acid and 2.64 mg I−1 abscisic acid, glutamine and salts as above, and 88–438 mM sucrose in progressively increasing steps. Germination was on solid half-strength Murashige-Skoog medium. During maturation, somatic embryos mimicked zygotic embryos in colour, protein concentration, water and solute potentials, and respiration. Protein and lipid accumulated to 329 and 86 g kg−1 dry weight in somatic embryos. Fatty acid composition was similar to that of axes of mature seeds. Before desiccation, the water and solute potentials of maturing somatic embryos declined to −1.13 and −1.99 MPa while turgor increased to 0.86 MPa. Concomitantly, a 60% reduction in activity of the cytochrome oxidase pathway of respiration occurred with somatic embryo maturation at 600 g water kg−1 fresh weight. Although small (about 8 mg per embryo), 60% of the somatic embryos formed roots and shoots during germination after maturation without drying and 30% germinated after drying to 60 g water kg−1 fresh weight. In the greenhouse, somatic plantlets grew to mature plants with seeds.

scholarly journals Somatic Embryogenesis In Rosa Chinensis CV. ‘Parson’s Pink China’

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanfang Cai ◽  
Lintao Tang ◽  
Haixia Chen ◽  
Yufan Li ◽  
Rong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Embryogenic Calli ◽  
Rosa Chinensis ◽  
Induction Rate ◽  
Secondary Embryos ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Abstract This study investigated the effects of explant type, plant growth regulator concentration, callis status, medium conversion time, and medium tilt on the growth of rose somatic embryos. The results showed that Rosa chinensis cv. ‘Parson’s Pink China’ leaves could induce normal embryogenic calli but petioles could not. When the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid concentration was 3.0 mg/L, the callis induction rate was the highest in the embryo proliferation medium (EP medium) supplemented with 0.5mg/L kinetin, and white and reddish-brown translucent calli were the main type of embryogenic calli induced. As the culture time in EP medium was extended, the relative induction rate for secondary embryos and multicotyledon secondary embryos gradually increased when transferred to embryo maturation medium (EM medium), but the induction rate for somatic embryos decreased. Placing the EM medium at an angle of 45° made the somatic embryos germinate faster and the germination rate was also higher. The germination buds produced by the somatic embryos with two cotyledons showed the fastest germination and greatest survival rates. The results of this experiment will help improve somatic embryo regeneration rates and explore new ways of regeneration, and lays the foundation for further optimization of the somatic embryo genetic transformation system.

scholarly journals Somatic Embryogenesis in Four Tree Legumes

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Premananda Das
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Embryogenic Calli ◽  
Friable Embryogenic Callus ◽  
Napthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Acacia Catechu ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Somatic embryogenesis was achieved in four leguminous tree species, that is, Acacia catechu, Acacia arabica, Hardwickia binata, and Dalbergia sissoo using immature zygotic embryos as explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.25–1.0 mg/l Kn (kinetin) and 2.0–3.0 mg/l 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) or NAA (1-napthaleneacetic acid) and 3% sucrose. MS medium containing 2.0 mg/l 2,4-D and 1.0–1.5 mg/l Kn was noted to be most effective in inducing friable embryogenic callus (FEC); the number of somatic embryos per culture varied in MS medium supplemented with 1.0–2.0 mg/l 2,4-D or NAA and 0.25–1.5 mg/l kinetin. The maximum number of somatic embryos was obtained in MS medium containing 1.5–2.0 mg/l 2,4-D or NAA and 1.0–1.5 mg/l kinetin; proliferation of embryogenic calli was enhanced in cultures having 1.0–2.0 mg/l 2,4-D, 1.0–1.5 mg/l kinetin, and 400–600 mg/l L-Proline. The somatic embryos in various shapes and sizes after the first subculture on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l IAA and 0.25 mg/l BA; developed shoots and rooted in strength MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l IBA or IAA. The somatic embryo-derived plantlets were transferred to the field after being hardened in the climate-controlled hardening chamber.

scholarly journals Anatomy of somatic embryogenesis in Carica papaya L.

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana A. Fernando ◽  
Murilo Melo ◽  
Marli K. M. Soares ◽  
Beatriz Appezzato-da-Glória
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Internal Cell ◽  
Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Mature zygotic embryos of Carica papaya L. ‘Sunrise Solo’ were used as explants for embryogenesis induction. The explants were inoculated on Murashige and Skoog culture medium supplemented with 2 mg.L-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and incubated in darkness at 25+2°C. Histological analysis of callogenesis and somatic embryogenesis indicated occurrence of direct and indirect somatic embryogenesis development. Direct somatic embryo formation was observed from hypocotyledonary epidermic cells only from explant 18 days after inoculation. Somatic embryos formed indirectly were originated from embryogenic superficial cells of pre-embryonic complexes located on peripherical and on internal cell layers of callus 49 days after inoculation. Diverse morphological differences including disformed embryos were observed among the somatic embryos.

Initiation of embryogenic cultures and somatic embryo development in loblolly pine (Pinustaeda)

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 810-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Becwar ◽  
R. Nagmani ◽  
S. R. Wann
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Embryogenic Tissue ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Embryogenic Cultures ◽  
Somatic Embryo Development

Immature zygotic embryo explants (isolated or with intact megagametophytes) from 10 loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) clones (7-34, 7-56, 11-9, 11-16, 11-25, 10-1003, 10-1007, 10-1011, 10-1018, and 10-1019) were surveyed for their potential to form embryogenic tissue from the suspensor region of zygotic embryos. After over 14 000 explants were cultured, embryogenic cultures were initiated from explants of 8 of the 10 clones; only explants from clones 11-25 and 10-1019 were not responsive. Embryogenic tissue was initiated from zygotic embryos with intact megagametophytes on MSG basal medium with no exogenous plant growth regulators or with 2–5 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and 0–1 mg/L N6-benzyladenine (BA). The highest initiation frequency (5%) was obtained from isolated zygotic embryos of clone 7-34 less than 0.5 mm in length just prior to cotyledon primordia development on DCR basal medium with 3 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L BA. Two types of embryogenic cultures were maintained on medium with 2,4-D and BA: (i) those that contained pre-embryonal masses of cells interspersed with unaggregated suspensorlike cells, but which rarely contained well-formed somatic embryos, and (ii) those that frequently contained well-formed somatic embryos. Somatic embryo development from both types of cultures progressed to a precotyledonary stage on medium with 2.6 mg/L abscisic acid.

Somatic embryogenesis in mature zygotic embryos of Picea likiangensis

Biologia ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaoyu Chen ◽  
Shanna Chen ◽  
Fang Chen ◽  
Tao Wu ◽  
Yinbin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Clonal Propagation ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Embryogenic Cultures ◽  
Peg 4000 ◽  
Half Strength ◽  
Basal Media ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

AbstractSomatic embryogenesis (SE) was successfully induced from mature zygotic embryos of seven families of Picea likiangensis (Franch.) Pritz after 20 weeks culture on initiation medium. Three basal media (one-half strength LM medium, one-half strength LP medium and improved LP medium) with different concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) were tested but only one-half strength LM medium supplemented with 2,4-D and 6-BA was successful for the embryogenic cultures (EC) initiation. The initiation frequencies of EC varied greatly from different families when culturing on the same initiation medium. The highest frequency (41.3%) was induced from one of the families on one-half strength LM medium supplemented with 3 mg L−1 2,4-D and 1.5 mg L−1 6-BA and 16.83% on average for seven families. EC were subcultured and proliferated on the same medium as the initiation one every 10 days. 3 lines of EC induced from the same family were applied in maturation experiment. Cotyledonary somatic embryos were observed after EC were transferred to maturation media of one-half strength LM medium containing 20-80 mg L−1 abscisic acid and 7.5% polyethylene glycol (PEG-4000). However, one-half strength LM medium supplemented with 40 mg L−1 or 60 mg L−1 ABA and 7.5% PEG gave the best maturation and the 3 lines showed different ability in maturation. Over 80% cotyledonary somatic embryos germinated normally on DCR medium containing 0.2% activated carbon. The success on SE induction of the species has provided an effective clonal propagation method for this important tree’s genetic improvement.

scholarly journals Simplified Regeneration Protocol for Cycas revoluta Thunb. Mature Zygotic Embryos

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-65
Author(s):  
Rohangiz NADERI ◽  
Khadije MOHAISENI ◽  
Jaime A. TEIXEIRA DA SILVA ◽  
Mansour OMIDI ◽  
Behjat NADERI
Keyword(s):  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Adventitious Shoot ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Indirect Organogenesis ◽  
Rooted Plantlet ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Cycas Revoluta

Mature zygotic embryos of Cycas revoluta Thunb. were used as explants to investigate direct and indirect organogenesis. Explants were incubated on half-strength Murashige and Skoog (½ MS) basal medium supplemented with various plant growth regulators, singly or in combination (all at 0.5 mg l-1): 6-benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (Kin), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), Kin×2,4-D, BA×Kin and BA×2,4-D. Cultures were placed at a low light intensity (4 µmol m-2 s-1 PPFD). Adventitious shoot regeneration was observed in the presence of 0.5 mg l-1BA after 35 days. The highest number of direct and indirect shoots per zygotic embryo was 3.67 and 29.67, respectively. Roots were induced on indirect shoots by continuous culture on rooting medium (½ MS,‏ 0.1 mg l-1 1-naphthaleneacetic acid) and hardened successfully in perlite. Each rooted plantlet with pinnate leaves and a primary tap root was individually isolated and acclimatized 185 days after the beginning of culture, with a 10% success rate.

Somatic embryogenesis in American chestnut

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 1698-1701 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Merkle ◽  
A. T. Wiecko ◽  
B. A. Watson-Pauley
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
American Chestnut ◽  
Induction Medium ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Free Medium ◽  
Embryo Cultures ◽  
Proembryogenic Masses ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Cultures were initiated from developing ovules and excised embryos of American chestnut (Castaneadentata (Marsh.) Borkh.), collected from five source trees on three dates during early and middle stages of fruit development. Explants were cultured initially on semisolid induction medium containing 0.25 mg/L benzyladenine and either 6 mg/L naphthaleneacetic acid or 4 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid for 1 or 2 weeks. Then they were either transferred to hormone-free medium or medium with 0.25 mg/L benzyladenine or maintained on the original induction media. Ovules collected from three of the five trees 6 or 7 weeks postanthesis produced embryogenic cultures. Those pulsed for 1 or 2 weeks on auxin-containing medium prior to transfer to media without auxin produced multiple somatic embryos directly from the radicle end of the zygotic embryo. Cultures maintained on auxin-supplemented media initially produced proembryogenic masses, which formed globular and heart-stage embryos as they aged. Transfer of clusters of somatic embryos from auxin-supplemented media to hormone-free medium promoted maturation of embryos to the cotyledon stage.

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