Initiation of embryogenic cultures and somatic embryo development in loblolly pine (Pinustaeda)

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 810-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Becwar ◽  
R. Nagmani ◽  
S. R. Wann
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Embryogenic Tissue ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Embryogenic Cultures ◽  
Somatic Embryo Development

Immature zygotic embryo explants (isolated or with intact megagametophytes) from 10 loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) clones (7-34, 7-56, 11-9, 11-16, 11-25, 10-1003, 10-1007, 10-1011, 10-1018, and 10-1019) were surveyed for their potential to form embryogenic tissue from the suspensor region of zygotic embryos. After over 14 000 explants were cultured, embryogenic cultures were initiated from explants of 8 of the 10 clones; only explants from clones 11-25 and 10-1019 were not responsive. Embryogenic tissue was initiated from zygotic embryos with intact megagametophytes on MSG basal medium with no exogenous plant growth regulators or with 2–5 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and 0–1 mg/L N6-benzyladenine (BA). The highest initiation frequency (5%) was obtained from isolated zygotic embryos of clone 7-34 less than 0.5 mm in length just prior to cotyledon primordia development on DCR basal medium with 3 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L BA. Two types of embryogenic cultures were maintained on medium with 2,4-D and BA: (i) those that contained pre-embryonal masses of cells interspersed with unaggregated suspensorlike cells, but which rarely contained well-formed somatic embryos, and (ii) those that frequently contained well-formed somatic embryos. Somatic embryo development from both types of cultures progressed to a precotyledonary stage on medium with 2.6 mg/L abscisic acid.

Two alternative pathways of somatic embryo origin from polyembryonic mature stored seeds of Pinus koraiensis Sieb et Zucc.

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Bozhkov ◽  
I. S. Ahn ◽  
Y. G. Park
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Pinus Koraiensis ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Alternative Pathways ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Embryo Origin

Individual mature stored seeds of Pinus koraiensis sometimes contain several viable zygotic embryos originated through the processes of simple and cleavage polyembryony. To induce the embryonic process, isolated zygotic embryos were cultured on five different media all supplemented with 10 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 5 μM 6-benzyladenine. Two alternative pathways of somatic embryo origin were revealed. The first pathway was associated with the production of a friable, translucent callus in the hypocotyls–cotyledon region of the dominant zygotic embryo. The second pathway was related to the proliferation of a translucent, moist, and mucilaginous tissue (termed embryonal–suspensor mass) in the suspensor region of the dominant zygotic embryo. Both types of tissues contained early somatic embryos. Regression analysis has shown a strong negative correlation between the frequencies of formation of embryogenic callus and embryonal–suspensor mass both at 3 and 8 weeks of culture (r = − 0.85; p = 0.07 and r = −0.71; p = 0.17, respectively). Key words: Pinus koraiensis; polyembryonal seeds; somatic embryogenesis; embryogénie callus; embryonal–suspensor mass.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Endogenous Phytocomponents and Amino Acids Associated with Direct Somatic Embryogenesis of Coffee (Coffea arabica L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1293-1308
Author(s):  
D. K. Isutsa ◽  
R. N. Mayoli ◽  
A. B. Nyende ◽  
C. M. Mweu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Direct Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Embryogenic Cultures ◽  
Mature Embryos ◽  
The Status ◽  
Somatic Embryo Development ◽  
Set Up

Coffee is one of the most important crops cultivated in the world for use in beverages and confectionaries. Embryogenesis is a complex process that begins with a single cell and ends with the formation of mature embryos. Somatic embryo development involves accumulation of complex metabolites and storage reserves. This present experiment identified and quantified endogenous phytocomponents and amino acids present during somatic embryogenesis of ‘Ruiru 11’. Laboratory experiments for this study were set up in the Coffee Research Institute, Kenya at Ruiru. Third leaf pair explants were excised from 8-month-old greenhouse-grown mother plants sterilized and cultured in half strength Murashige and Skoog basal salts augmented with Thidiazuron. Once embryos had developed, the cultures were analysed for phytocomponents using GCMS and HPLC. The results showed that palmitoleic and stearic acids were highest (23.3 µg/g and 69.9 µg/g respectively) in brown embryogenic cultures. Cis 7,8 epoxy-2-methyl octadecane was highest (253 µg/g) in green embryogenic cultures. (Z)-3-Tetradecene was highest (25 µg/g) in brown non-embryogenic cultures. Z, Z-3,13- Octadecedien-1-ol and (Z)-7-Hexadecenal were highest (32.1 µg/g and 70.2 µg/g respectively) in green embryogenic cultures. Alanine content was highest (4.4 µg/g) in embryos of brown cultures. Amino acids, fatty acids and their derivatives are potential biomarkers for embryogenesis. Other phytocomponents should be identified and their role in coffee somatic embryogenesis determined. Further studies regarding the status of the phytocomponents identified in the present study, especially in particular stages of embryo development are needed to propose treatments to improve coffee somatic embryo development.

Natural and Somatic Embryo Development in Loblolly Pine

1999 ◽  
pp. 5-17
Author(s):  
John Cairney ◽  
Nanfei Xu ◽  
Gerald S. Pullman ◽  
Vincent T. Ciavatta ◽  
Barbara Johns
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Somatic Embryo Development

Plant regeneration by somatic embryogenesis in Pinus thunbergii resistant to the pine wood nematode

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 1604-1612
Author(s):  
Tingyu Sun ◽  
Yanli Wang ◽  
Lihua Zhu ◽  
Xiaoqin Wu ◽  
Jianren Ye
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Plant Regeneration ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Pinus Thunbergii ◽  
Embryogenic Tissue ◽  
Embryo Production ◽  
Somatic Embryo Production

Pine wilt disease (PWD) is a severe threat to pine forests in East Asia. Screening and breeding of resistant varieties is a very effective way to prevent and control PWD; however, no reliable somatic embryogenesis system has yet been developed for the elite nematode-resistant Pinus thunbergii Parl. line. In this study, we studied the plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis of nematode-resistant P. thunbergii. Initiation of embryogenic tissue was significantly affected by seed family (p = 0.017), immature zygotic embryo stage (p = 0.032), and initiation medium (p = 0.004). Seed family 37 was the most favorable female parent for initiation of P. thunbergii. Furthermore, the initiation rate increased from the pre-embryonic stage to the cleavage polyembryonic stage. The optimal medium was I2, containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (9 μmol·L−1) and 6-benzyladenine (4.4 μmol·L−1). A statistically significant interaction between cell line and subculture time (24 months) was observed in the influence on proliferation rate, somatic embryo production, and percentage germination (p < 0.001). In this study, the highest somatic embryo production was achieved using cell line 37-1 (1983 somatic embryos per gram fresh mass), with approximately 83.5% of somatic embryos germinating after transferring to germination medium, of which 77.6% converted into plantlets.

scholarly journals Polyamine profiles and biosynthesis in somatic embryo development and comparison of germinating somatic and zygotic embryos of Norway spruce

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1287-1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Gemperlova ◽  
L. Fischerova ◽  
M. Cvikrova ◽  
J. Mala ◽  
Z. Vondrakova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Somatic Embryo Development

scholarly journals Effect of Explant Resource and Growth Regulators on Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration in Sweetpotato

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 568B-568a
Author(s):  
Lianghong Chen ◽  
Ajmer S. Bhagsari ◽  
Soon O. Park ◽  
Sarwan Dhir
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Plant Regeneration ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Leaf Explants ◽  
Shoot Tip ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Somatic Embryo Development

This study was carried out to optimize conditions for plant regeneration of sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] using shoot tips, petioles, and leaves of Selection 75-96-1 as explants in Murashige and Skoog (MS) with several growth regulators at different levels. Callus initiation and callus proliferation media were 9.0 μm 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 9.0 μm 2,4-D + 1.1 μm N6-benzyladenine (6-BA) in protocol I; 8.1 μm α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) + 1.2 μm kinetin (KIN) and 5.4 μm NAA + 4.6 μm KIN in protocol II; 0.9 μm 2,4-D, and 0.9 μm 2,4-D + 1.2 μm N-isopenylamino purine (2iP) in protocol III; NAA (8.1 μm) + KIN (1.2 μm) and 2,4-D (0.9 μm) + 2ip (1.2 μm) in protocol IV, respectively. In protocol I and II, shoot tip, petiole, and leaf were used, but only petiole and leaf in protocol III and IV. In the protocol I and II, somatic embryos were obtained only from shoot tip explants; in protocol III and IV, only from petioles. The frequencies of somatic embryo development were 33.3% in protocol I, 42.1% in protocol II, 21.2% in protocol III, and 10.3% in protocol IV, respectively. The leaf explants failed to produce somatic embryos in all the experiments. In protocol I, somatic embryogenesis occurred through the well-known sequence of globular-, heart-shaped-, torpedo-, and cotyledon-type embryos. However, in protocol II, the structures resembling plumule and radicle were observed before the emergence of torpedo/cotyledon type embryo clusters. The somatic embryogenesis in protocol III and IV was similar to that in protocol I. Growth regulators influenced somatic embryo development. Further, this study showed that explant resource and growth regulators affected the frequency of plant regeneration in sweetpotato.

Somatic embryogenesis in longleaf pine (Pinuspalustris)

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 873-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Nagmani ◽  
A.M. Diner ◽  
G.C. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Embryogenic Tissue ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Embryogenic Cultures ◽  
Embryogenic Tissue Initiation ◽  
The Media ◽  
Basal Media ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Isolated zygotic embryos and female gametophytes containing zygotic embryos were cultured on MSG and DCR basal media, supplemented with three different carbon sources added individually to the medium at four levels each. The media also contained various levels of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and N6-benzyladenine (BA). Embryogenic tissue extruded from female gametophytes during 4 weeks in culture on media containing either glucose or maltose or sucrose. Embryogenic tissue initiation was most frequently from explants collected on July 14, 1992, when the zygotic embryos within the female gametophytes were precotyledonary. A total of 33 embryogenic cultures were initiated from 944 explants cultured. One of 192 explants cultured on basal media with no growth regulators produced embryogenic tissue. The embryogenic tissue showed numerous somatic embryos at stages 1 and 2 of development, corresponding to their zygotic embryo counterparts.

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