Seasonal cambial activity and wood formation in trees and lianas of Leguminosae growing in the Atlantic Forest: a comparative study

Cambial activity and the formation of secondary xylem were investigated in the main stem of three arboreal leguminous species and one liana. To compare the seasonal vascular cambium behavior of these species, two methods were concurrently applied: induction of injury in the vascular cambium and anatomical analysis of the vascular cambium and adjacent zones (differentiation zone). One tree species, Pseudopiptadenia contorta (DC.) G.P.Lewis & M.P.Lima, was sampled in three forest formations: alluvial, submontane, and montane. Two more tree species, Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F.Macbr. and Pseudopiptadenia leptostachya (Benth.) Rauschert, were sampled in submontane and montane forest, respectively. Dalbergia frutescens (Vell.) Britton var. frutescens, a liana, was sampled in montane forest. All species investigated showed distinctive formation of annual growth rings. Reactivation of the vascular cambium was observed at the end of spring, and it remained active during the summer. Thereafter, cambial activity either ceased or declined dramatically at the end of autumn. Similar to the tree species studied, cambial activity in D. frutescens var. frutescens showed similar seasonal cambial activity throughout the year. Based on both direct and indirect methods, our results showed that cambial activity and wood formation only occurred during the rainy season, suggesting the potential of these species for use in dendrochronological studies.

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SEASONAL VARIATION IN WOOD FORMATION OF CEDRELA FISSILIS (MELIACEAE)

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000149 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 199-211 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Carmen Regina Marcati ◽

Veronica Angyalossy ◽

Ray Franklin Evert

Keyword(s):

Secondary Xylem ◽

Cambial Activity ◽

Wood Formation ◽

General Term ◽

Dry Season ◽

Climate Data ◽

Wet Season ◽

Growth Rings ◽

Dormant Period ◽

Xylem Formation

Cambial activity and periodicity of secondary xylem formation in Cedrela fissilis, a semi-ring-porous species, were studied. Wood samples were collected periodically from 1996 to 2000. The phenology was related to climate data of the region. The cambium has one active and one dormant period per year. The active period coincides with the wet season when trees leaf-out. The dormant period coincides with the dry season when trees lose their leaves. Growth rings are marked by parenchyma bands that begin to be formed, together with the small latewood vessels, just before the cambium becomes dormant at the beginning of the dry season. These bands are added to when the cambium reactivates in the wet season. At this time, the large earlywood vessels of the growth rings are also formed. As these bands consist of both terminal and initial parenchyma, we suggest the general term marginal bands be used to describe them. The growth layers vary in width among and within the trees.

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Intra-Annual Spiral Compression Wood: A Record of Low-Frequency Gravitropic Circumnutational Movement in Trees

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90001076 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 269-274 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Frank W. Telewski

Keyword(s):

Pinus Taeda ◽

Woody Plants ◽

Compression Wood ◽

Secondary Growth ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Wood Formation ◽

Growth Rings ◽

Movement Data ◽

Annual Growth Rings ◽

Plant Seedlings

The majority of detailed studies on circumnutational growth movements have focused on herbaceous plants or on the primary growth of woody plant seedlings, ignoring completely secondary growth in woody plants. The relatively rapid movement in herbaceous tissues consists of two components: an autonomous growth rhythm and a gravitropic response. Since there is a gravitropic component to circumnutational movement and a gravitropic stimulus can induce compression wood formation, the formation of a compression wood spiral may be expected if there is a circumnutational movement of a woody stern. It is suggested here, that observed spirals of compression wood within annual growth rings in Pinus taeda L. and Abies concolor (Gord. ' Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. represents an annual record of a slower circumnutational growth movement. Data derived from observations of greenhouse- grown 3-year-old Pinus taeda seedlings indicate that there are two distinct circumnutational patterns of different rotation al frequency present in woody plants associated with primary and secondary tissues.

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STEM ANATOMY OF SOME SPECIES OF PASSIFLORA (PASSIFLORACEAE)

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-20160145 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 431-443 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kishore S. Rajput ◽

Himansu Baijnath

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Secondary Xylem ◽

Stem Growth ◽

Vascular Cambium ◽

Stem Anatomy ◽

Gujarat State ◽

Growth Rings ◽

Passiflora Edulis ◽

Kwazulu Natal ◽

Transverse View

The stem anatomy of Passiflora edulis, P. foetida, P. suberosa, P. subpeltata, and P. vesicaria was studied in samples collected in Durban (KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa) and Baroda (Vadodara, Gujarat State, India). Radial stem growth in all the species is realized by a single, bidirectional vascular cambium. However, unequal activity in small segments of the cambial cylinder results in a lobed stem outline in P. foetida var. ellisonii, and a furrowed xylem cylinder in P. edulis f. edulis and P. vesicaria var. vesicaria. In P. subpeltata and P. edulis f. flavicarpa the xylem remains cylindrical in outline. In all the species investigated, secondary xylem is diffuse-porous with growth rings indistinct or absent. In transverse view, vessels are round to oval with different diameter categories, including very narrow fibriform vessels intermixed. In P. edulis f. edulis, stems are lobed due to the unidirectional activity of the cambium in small segments. Rays are mostly both narrow (1–3-seriate) and wide (multiseriate). The latter often become aggregate at some distance from the pith.

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Variation in Onset of Leaf Unfolding and Wood Formation in a Central African Tropical Tree Species

Frontiers in Forests and Global Change ◽

10.3389/ffgc.2021.673575 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

Author(s):

Bhely Angoboy Ilondea ◽

Hans Beeckman ◽

Joris Van Acker ◽

Jan Van den Bulcke ◽

Adeline Fayolle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Cambial Activity ◽

Wood Formation ◽

Dry Season ◽

Tropical Tree ◽

Congo Basin ◽

Leaf Phenology ◽

Annual Rainfall ◽

Tropical Tree Species

A diversity of phenological strategies has been reported for tropical tree species. Defoliation and seasonal dormancy of cambial activity inform us on how trees cope with water stress during the dry season, or maximize the use of resources during the rainy season. Here, we study the matching between leaf phenology (unfolding and shedding) and cambial activity for Prioria balsamifera, a key timber species in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In particular, we (i) evaluated the seasonality of cambial activity and synchrony of phenology among trees in response to climate and (ii) identified the seasonality of leaf phenology and its relation with cambial phenology. The study was conducted in the Luki Man and Biosphere Reserve, located in the Mayombe forest at the southern margin of the Congo Basin. Historic defoliation data were collected every ten days using weekly crown observations whereas recent observations involved time-lapse cameras. Cambial pinning was performed on ten trees during 20 months and radius dendrometers were installed on three trees during 13 months. Tree rings were measured on cores from 13 trees and growth synchrony was evaluated. We found that P. balsamifera defoliates annually with a peak observed at the end of the dry season and the beginning of the rainy season. The new leaves unfolded shortly after shedding of the old leaves. The peak defoliation dates varied across years from September 12 to November 14 and the fraction of number of trees that defoliated at a given time was found to be negatively correlated with annual rainfall and temperature; during the dry season, when precipitation and temperatures are the lowest. Wood formation (radial growth), was found to be highly seasonal, with cambial dormancy occurring during the dry season and growth starting at the beginning of the rainy season. Individual ring-width series did not cross date well. The within species variability of leaf phenology and cambial rhythms provides indication about resistance of the population against climatic changes.

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Variations in carbon 14 content in tree rings during the last 30 years: application to wood dating

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x90-033 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 241-244 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Daniel Auclair ◽

Jacques Evin ◽

Loïc Pages

Keyword(s):

Confidence Interval ◽

Wood Formation ◽

Strongly Correlated ◽

Annual Rings ◽

Growth Rings ◽

Sharp Rise ◽

Carbon 14 ◽

False Rings ◽

Annual Growth Rings ◽

Nuclear Weapon Tests

Robiniapseudoacacia stem annual growth rings from 1958 to 1987 were analyzed for 14C content. The radioactivity of annual rings was found to be strongly correlated with 14C concentration in the atmosphere, which showed a very sharp rise until 1963 due to nuclear weapon tests followed by a regular decrease from then on. Taking into account seasonal variations in both atmospheric 14C concentration and CO2 assimilation slightly improved the relation between 14C in wood and the atmosphere. A predictive curve that gives the year of wood formation as a function of radioactivity with a 5% confidence interval is shown. These results can be used to analyze wood for which traditional analysis is impossible, for example, trees with false rings or missing rings, or wood from stumps or roots.

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Eccentric Deposition of Secondary Xylem in Stems of the Climber Ephedra Campylopoda (Gnetales)

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000676 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 165-170 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Simcha Lev-Yadun

Keyword(s):

Secondary Xylem ◽

Cambial Activity ◽

Lower Side ◽

Growth Rings ◽

Woody Climber

In Ephedra campylopoda, a woody climber of the Ephedraceae (Gnetales), the secondary xylem of the upper and lower sides of horizontal stems has the same structure. However, cambial activity in the lower side is greater, producing 1.5 times more xylem and 1.25 times more growth rings in thin stems and 1.8 times more xylem in thick stems. Gelatinous fibres are not formed in the upper side or elsewhere in the xylem. I suggest that this difference in cambial activity does not change the flexibility of the stems, an important adaptation for a climber.

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Seasonal changes in cambium activity from active to dormant stage affect the formation of secondary xylem in Pinus tabulaeformis Carr

Tree Physiology ◽

10.1093/treephys/tpab115 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yayu Guo ◽

Huimin Xu ◽

Hongyang Wu ◽

Weiwei Shen ◽

Jinxing Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Walls ◽

Secondary Xylem ◽

Periodic Acid ◽

Wood Formation ◽

Vascular Cambium ◽

Pinus Tabulaeformis ◽

Calcofluor White ◽

Periodic Acid Schiff ◽

Dormant Stage ◽

Cambium Activity

Abstract Understanding the changing patterns of vascular cambium during seasonal cycles is crucial to reveal the mechanisms that control cambium activity and wood formation, but this area has been underexplored, especially in conifers. Here, we quantified the changing cellular morphology patterns of cambial zones during the active, transition and dormant stages. With the help of toluidine blue and periodic acid Schiff staining to visualize cell walls and identify their constituents, we observed decreasing cambial cell layers, thickening of newly formed xylem cell walls and increased polysaccharide granules in phloem from June to the following March over the course of our collecting period. Pectin immunofluorescence showed that dormant stage cambium can produce highly abundant de-esterified homogalacturonan and (1–4)-β-D-galactan epitopes, while active cambium can strong accumulate high methylesterified homogalacturonan. Calcofluor white staining and confocal Raman spectroscopy analysis revealed regular changes in the chemical composition of cell walls, such as relative lower cellulose deposition in transition stage in vascular cambium, and higher lignin accumulation was found in dormant stage in secondary xylem. Moreover, RT-qPCR analysis suggested that various IAA (Aux/IAA protein), CesA, CslA and HDZ genes, as well as NAC, PME3 and PME4, may be involved in cambium activities and secondary xylem formation. Taken together, these findings provide new information about cambium activity and cell differentiation in the formation, structure, and chemistry in conifers during the active–dormant transition.

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Uranium mobility across annual growth rings in three deciduous tree species

Journal of Environmental Radioactivity ◽

10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.10.021 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 182 ◽

pp. 183-189 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kelly C. McHugh ◽

Elisabeth Widom ◽

Henry B. Spitz ◽

Gregory C. Wiles ◽

Sam E. Glover

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Annual Growth ◽

Deciduous Tree ◽

Growth Rings ◽

Annual Growth Rings

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Annual Growth Rings in a Sample of Hymenaea Courbaril

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000148 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 193-197 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Jessica A. Westbrook ◽

Thomas P. Guilderson ◽

Paul A. Colinvaux

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Tree Species ◽

Regular Growth ◽

Chemical Pretreatment ◽

Growth Rings ◽

Hymenaea Courbaril ◽

Tropical Tree Species ◽

Annual Growth Rings ◽

Paleoclimate Reconstructions ◽

The City

Several tropical tree species form regular growth rings that may be annual and thus be useful in paleoclimate reconstructions. Regular growth rings were observed in one stem disk of the tropical legume Hymenaea courbaril harvested near the city of David, Panama. By comparison to annual reference Δ14C values from temperate tree wood and air, Δ14C values from the growth rings in this H. courbaril sample indicated the rings were annual. During this study, H. courbaril was also observed to translocate recently produced photosynthate into older growth rings as sapwood is converted to heartwood. This process alters the overall Δ14C values of these transitional growth rings as organic carbon with a higher Δ14C content is translocated into growth rings with relatively lower Δ14C content. Proper chemical pretreatment can recover the original cellulose Δ14C content.

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Seasonal Dynamics of Wood Formation in Pinus Halepensis from Dry and Semi-Arid Ecosystems in Spain

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90001651 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 389-404 ◽

Cited By ~ 97

Author(s):

Martín de Luis ◽

Jožica Gričar ◽

Katarina Čufar ◽

José Raventós

Keyword(s):

Pinus Halepensis ◽

Cambial Activity ◽

Wood Formation ◽

Arid Ecosystems ◽

Summer Drought ◽

Growth Rings ◽

False Rings ◽

Cambial Reactivation ◽

Resin Canals ◽

Semi Arid

The seasonal dynamic s of cambial activity, wood formation , occurrence of false rings (FR), and tangential bands of resin canals (RC) were investigated in Pinus halepensis from three Mediterranean dry and semi-arid ecosystems in Spain. We collected intact tissues of phloem, cambium, and outer xylem at monthly intervals throughout 2004 from each time six trees at the three sites. Cell divisions in the cambium in all trees started before our first sampling in mid-March and ceased between November and December. Cambial activity was characterized by two maxima; one in spring and another in autumn. Trees still grew in summer but at a very low rate. The first solitary RC were formed in May or June and tangential bands ofRC in June or July. In general , tangential bands ofRC were observed in wider growth rings . The formation of tangential bands of RC seems to be induced by drought in the second half of the growing season . FR were formed as a result of cambial reactivation in autumn and were observed in growth rings that contained more than 50 cells in a radial row.It appears that summer drought and early autumn precipitation play an important role in false-ring formation.

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