Rapid adoption of nest boxes by Prothonotary Warblers (Protonotaria citrea) in mesic deciduous forest

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (12) ◽  
pp. 1109-1115
Author(s):  
A.J. Mueller ◽  
D.J. Twedt ◽  
E.K. Bowers

Breeding territory selection in Prothonotary Warblers (Protonotaria citrea (Boddaert, 1783)) is thought to hinge on standing water, with a strong preference for low-lying areas prone to seasonal flooding. However, we have observed this species nesting in much drier areas than previously reported. We recently initiated a study of the Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus (Latham, 1790)) using wooden nest boxes, and nearly 60% of all nests produced in these boxes during the initial study year were produced by Prothonotary Warblers, despite this species being absent from our field site during the year preceding nest-box availability. Most nests were produced in dense, closed-canopy forest with a thick shrub layer >100 m from any water body. There was no difference in the mean distance from water between nests of the Prothonotary Warbler and those of the Carolina Wren, a habitat generalist that does not nest over water. We then observed a 60% increase in the number of Prothonotary Warbler nests the following year, along with significant increases in breeding productivity. Although they nested on sites that they are not thought to prefer, our observations suggest that Prothonotary Warblers may nest in drier areas than usual if appropriate nest cavities are provided.

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaetan Lefebvre ◽  
Brigitte Poulin ◽  
Raymond McNeil

The winter ecology of the Northern Waterthrush (Seiurus noveboracensis), the Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea), and the American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla) was studied in tropical mangroves of northeastern Venezuela. The birds' spatial and social behaviours were assessed through intensive mist-netting and observation sessions over two complete annual cycles. In all three species, transients corresponded to half of the migrant populations. Although many birds were observed more than once within a range of 50 m, most of them also moved considerably. Home ranges of individuals overlapped greatly in both Northern Waterthrushes and Prothonotary Warblers. Birds stayed in the mangroves for an average 2-month period, irrespective of their date of arrival, whereas new individuals were observed during most of the wintering period. Winter site fidelity characterized both transient and site-attached individuals. Although many birds showed some kind of site attachment, none of the three species can be considered territorial in the mangroves.


The Auk ◽  
1918 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-228
Author(s):  
Harry C. Oberholser

Botany ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (11) ◽  
pp. 779-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan Jaroszewicz ◽  
Ewa Pirożnikow

Many studies show large discrepancies between the potential (studied in the greenhouse) and realized (studied in the field) effects of endozoochory. The influence of environmental conditions on the fate of endozoochorically dispersed seeds and subsequent plant establishment is still not well understood. We addressed this issue by studying the viable seed content of the dung of European bison ( Bison bonasus L.) by means of seedling germination in the greenhouse and in two forest habitats in Białowieża Primeval Forest. The number of seedlings and the number of plant species that emerged from 1 L of feces were positively correlated with dung longevity. Generative shoots were produced by plants only in coniferous forest. Their number was positively correlated with dung longevity and with light availability. Germination of seeds from bison feces was higher in coniferous forest than in deciduous forest but did not differ between open- and closed-canopy plots within the same habitat. We conclude that (i) seed germination and plant establishment after endozoochorous dispersal is influenced by dung longevity; (ii) the number of generative shoots produced by endozoochorously dispersed plants is influenced by dung longevity and light availability; (iii) seeds of some plant species, present in dung, stay viable for at least 3 years.


2012 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena L. Grillo ◽  
Robert C. Fithian ◽  
Heather Cross ◽  
Catherine Wallace ◽  
Catherine Viverette ◽  
...  

The Condor ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Lyons

Abstract Foraging behavior often reflects food availability in predictable ways. For example, in habitats where food availability is high, predators should attack prey more often and move more slowly than in habitats where food availability is low. To assess relative food availability and habitat quality, I studied the foraging behavior of breeding Prothonotary Warblers (Protonotaria citrea) in two forest habitat types, cypress-gum swamp forest and coastal-plain levee forest. I quantified foraging behavior with focal animal sampling and continuous recording during foraging bouts. I measured two aspects of foraging behavior: 1) prey attack rate (attacks per minute), using four attack maneuvers (glean, sally, hover, strike), and 2) foraging speed (movements per minute), using three types of movement (hop, short flight [≤1 m], long flight [>1 m]). Warblers attacked prey more often in cypress-gum swamp forest than in coastal-plain levee forest. Foraging speed, however, was not different between habitats. I also measured foraging effort (% time spent foraging) and relative frequency of attack maneuvers employed in each habitat; neither of these variables was influenced by forest type. I conclude that Prothonotary Warblers encounter more prey when foraging in cypress-gum swamps than in coastal-plain levee forest, and that greater food availability results in higher density and greater reproductive success for birds breeding in cypress-gum swamp. Conductas de Alimentación Específicas según el Hábitat en Protonotaria citrea: Deduciendo la Calidad del Hábitat Resumen. La conducta de alimentación a menudo refleja la disponibilidad de alimento de maneras previsibles. Por ejemplo, en los hábitats donde la disponibilidad de alimento es alta, los depredadores deberían atacar presas más a menudo y moverse más lentamente que en los hábitats donde la disponibilidad de alimento es baja. Estudié la conducta de alimentación de Protonotaria citrea durante la época reproductiva en dos tipos de hábitats boscosos, el bosque pantanoso de ciprés-gomero y el bosque plano costero de albardón, para evaluar la disponibilidad relativa de alimento y la calidad de hábitat. Cuantifiqué la conducta de alimentación mediante muestreos focales y grabaciones continuas mientras las aves se alimentaban. Medí dos aspectos de dicha conducta: 1) la tasa de ataque a presas (ataques por minuto), utilizando cuatro maniobras de ataque (desplazarse sobre un sustrato recogiendo presas, vuelo desde una percha para atrapar las presas en el aire, vuelo suspendido, y otra maniobra de revoloteo), y 2) la velocidad (movimientos por minuto), utilizando tres tipos de movimiento (salto, vuelo corto [≤1 m], vuelo largo [>1 m]). Los individuos de P. citrea atacaron presas más a menudo en el bosque pantanoso de ciprés-gomero que en el bosque plano costero de albardón. La velocidad de alimentación, sin embargo, no fue diferente entre hábitats. Medí también el esfuerzo (% del tiempo utilizado en forrajear) y la frecuencia relativa de maniobras de ataque empleadas en cada hábitat; ninguna de estas variables fue influenciada por el tipo bosque. Concluyo que los individuos de P. citrea encuentran más presas cuando se alimentan en pantanos de ciprés-gomero que en el bosque plano costero de albardón, y que una mayor disponibilidad de alimento se traduce en una mayor densidad y en un éxito reproductivo más alto para las aves de los bosques pantanosos de ciprés-gomero.


2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Reynolds ◽  
H. J. Barnes ◽  
B. Wolfe ◽  
L. Lu ◽  
D. M. Camp ◽  
...  

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