The Stress of Formalin Treatments in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1899-1904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Wedemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Ventilation Rates ◽  
Gill Function

Changes in gill function, acid–base balance and pituitary activation occurring during standard 200 ppm formalin treatments of juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were compared. Plasma Cl−, Ca++, total CO2, and interrenal vitamin C in the trout declined continuously and in proportion to the exposure time, but the salmon were able to maintain these metabolic parameters at approximately initial levels. Blood pH and alkaline reserve regulation of the salmon was also less affected by formalin treatments, especially during prolonged exposures. The oxygen consumption of both species was depressed, but substantially more so in the trout than could be accounted for by decreased ventilation rates. Little frank hemolysis occurred in either species, but there was a significant bilirubinemia in the trout.

Blood respiratory properties of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) kept in water of high CO2 tension

1977 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. B. Eddy ◽  
J. P. Lomholt ◽  
R. E. Weber ◽  
K. Johansen
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Plasma Bicarbonate ◽  
O2 Transport ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Base Balance

1. Blood O2 transport and acid-base balance were studied at 20 degrees C in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) which had been kept in water of high CO2 content (15 mmHg) for at least a week. Also the blood gas chemistry of fish rapidly entering or leaving the hypercapnic environment was studied. 2. Fish entering high CO2 water suffered a sharp decrease in blood pH which significantly reduced O2 transport by the blood, but after a few hours considerable compensation was achieved. 3. After at least a week in high CO2 water, trout showed elevated plasma bicarbonate and PCO2 levels, and a decrease in plasma chloride, while pH was about 0 - 1 pH unit below the level for control fish. Oxygen transport by the blood was marginally reduced. 4. Hypercapnic fish rapidly entering fresh water showed a sharp increase in blood pH and a decrease in blood PO2. These parameters regained normal values after a few hours but plasma bicarbonate and chloride levels took much longer to regain control concentrations. 5. Acid-base balance in hypercapnic fish is discussed with particular reference to the role of the branchial ion exchanges.

Acid-base balance in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) subjected to acid stresses

1976 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-171
Author(s):  
F. B. Eddy
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Ambient Water ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Ambient Co2

1. The respiratory properties of rainbow-trout blood were investigated in acid-stressed fish. In the first group acid was introduced into the bloodstream and in the second the carbon dioxide content of the ambient water was increased. 2. Initially the introduction of acid to the blood caused a decrease in blood pH and bicarbonate, and increases in oxygen uptake and ventilation volume. After 2–3 h these values had returned to the control levels. 3. Trout subjected to high ambient CO2 (about 10 mmHg) showed a decrease in blood pH while PCO2 and bicarbonate increased. After 8 h the trout began to show signs of compensation to the acidosis. 4. In each experiment the blood PO2 was little changed but blood O2 content was decreased and tended not to resume the control value even after several hours. 5. The results are discussed in terms of the various acid-base mechanisms thought to be available to the fish. These include branchial ion exchanges and the possible buffering roles of the extracellular and intracellular fluids.

Some Blood Chemistry Values for the Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 606-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Wedemeyer ◽  
K. Chatterton
Keyword(s):  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Clinical Test ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Base Balance

Overlapping Gaussian distribution curves were resolved into normal ranges for 1800 clinical test values obtained from caudal arterial blood or plasma of more than 1000 juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) held under defined conditions of diet and temperature. Estimated normal blood chemistry ranges were bicarbonate, 9.5–12.6 mEq/liter; blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 0.9–3.4 mg/100 ml; chloride, 122–136 mEq/liter; cholesterol, 88–262 mg/100 ml;pCO2, 2.6–6.1 mm Hg (10 C); glucose, 41–135 mg/100 ml; hematocrit, 32.5–52.5%; hemoglobin, 6.5–9.9 g/100 ml; total protein, 1.4–4.3 g/100 ml; blood pH (10 C), 7.51–7.83. The calculated range of normal acid–base balance vs. water temperature is also presented.

The effects of five fish anaesthetics on acid–base balance, hematocrit, blood gases, cortisol, and adrenaline in rainbow trout

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 2065-2073 ◽  
Author(s):  
George K. Iwama ◽  
James C. McGeer ◽  
Mark P. Pawluk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Dorsal Aorta ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Gas ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Deep Anaesthesia

Some physiological aspects of five fish anaesthetics in rainbow trout were investigated. The effects of benzocaine, 2-phenoxyethanol, MS-222 (Sandoz), metomidate, and carbon dioxide gas (CO2) on acid–base regulation, hematocrit, blood gases, and cortisol and adrenaline concentrations were determined in resting rainbow trout fitted with chronic catheters in the dorsal aorta. A severe hypoxia developed with the cessation of breathing in deep anaesthesia. This was accompanied by a rise in blood [Formula: see text] and adrenaline concentration, and a fall in blood pH. Blood bicarbonate concentrations remained unchanged and cortisol concentrations declined with time. There was a transient increase in hematocrit coinciding with the increase in adrenaline concentrations.

Branchial mechanisms of ion and acid–base regulation in the freshwater rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 2699-2708 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. McDonald ◽  
E. T. Prior
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Base Balance

Blood acid–base balance and branchial fluxes of Na+, Cl−, and acidic equivalents were examined in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in response to variations in external [NaCl] and following experimental acid or base loads (intravascular infusion of ammonium sulphate, lactic acid, or sodium bicarbonate). NaCl influx, NaCl efflux, and ammonia excretion covaried with external [NaCl]. Large fluxes of acidic equivalents across the gills were produced by infusion of both ammonium sulphate and sodium bicarbonate, but both treatments had little effect upon Na+ and Cl− uptake. We interpret this result as indicating that apical [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] exchange played little role in the branchial clearance of acidic equivalents. Instead, the results are consistent with the notion that acidic equivalents were excreted via diffusion through paracellular channels. A model is presented which suggests that the paracellular channels are the normal route for ionic efflux across the gills and that excretion of acidic equivalents results from modulation of the permselectivity of this pathway.

Cl−, K+, and acid–base balance in rainbow trout during exposure to, and recovery from, sublethal environmental acidification

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1123-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Booth ◽  
G. F. Jansz ◽  
G. F. Holeton
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Intracellular Space ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Base Parameters ◽  
Base Balance

A review of pertinent literature is provided. Previous research showed that fish exposed to sublethal environmental acidification have reduced blood pH, plasma [HCO3−], and [Cl−] and increased plasma [K+]. Simultaneous sampling from blood and water was used to characterize changes in Cl−, K+, and acid–base regulation in rainbow trout during a 5-day exposure to pH 4 followed by a 24-h recovery period at pH 7. At pH 4, there was a continuous loss of Cl− (49.8 μmol/kg per hour), and K+ (23.0 μmol/kg per hour) to the water. Blood ion concentrations did not change in a corresponding manner. Blood pH and plasma [HCO3−] decreased continuously owing to a net uptake of acid from the water. Recovery at pH 7 involved uptake of Cl− from, and loss of K+ to, the water. Plasma [K+] returned to normal but there was no significant change in plasma [Cl−] during this 24-h period. Internal acid–base parameters recovered much more quickly owing to a net excretion of acid into the water. The more rapid recovery of acid–base balance suggests that branchial acid–base and ionoregulatory mechanisms may be only loosely linked. The irregular changes in blood ion concentrations indicate that considerable ionic and osmotic exchanges between the plasma, the remainder of the extracellular space, and the intracellular space must result from exposure to pH 4.

Blood ionic and acid–base status in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) following rapid transfer from freshwater to seawater: effect of pseudobranch denervation

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1126-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Perry ◽  
T. A. Heming
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Osmotic Regulation ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Acid Base Equilibrium ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Rapid Transfer

Effect of pseudobranch denervation on the ability of Salmo gairdneri to regulate blood ionic and acid–base balance was investigated in freshwater and following transfer to seawater. Denervation of the pseudobranch did not affect internal ionic or acid–base equilibrium in freshwater. Plasma [Cl−], [Na+], pH, total [Formula: see text], and partial pressure of [Formula: see text] of trout were affected by transfer from freshwater to seawater, and by transfer back to freshwater. These ionic and acid–base responses were not affected by denervation of the pseudobranch. It is concluded that alone, the pseudobranch plays little or no role in ionic and osmotic regulation during transfer between freshwater and seawater.

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