Cl−, K+, and acid–base balance in rainbow trout during exposure to, and recovery from, sublethal environmental acidification

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1123-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Booth ◽  
G. F. Jansz ◽  
G. F. Holeton
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Intracellular Space ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Base Parameters ◽  
Base Balance

A review of pertinent literature is provided. Previous research showed that fish exposed to sublethal environmental acidification have reduced blood pH, plasma [HCO3−], and [Cl−] and increased plasma [K+]. Simultaneous sampling from blood and water was used to characterize changes in Cl−, K+, and acid–base regulation in rainbow trout during a 5-day exposure to pH 4 followed by a 24-h recovery period at pH 7. At pH 4, there was a continuous loss of Cl− (49.8 μmol/kg per hour), and K+ (23.0 μmol/kg per hour) to the water. Blood ion concentrations did not change in a corresponding manner. Blood pH and plasma [HCO3−] decreased continuously owing to a net uptake of acid from the water. Recovery at pH 7 involved uptake of Cl− from, and loss of K+ to, the water. Plasma [K+] returned to normal but there was no significant change in plasma [Cl−] during this 24-h period. Internal acid–base parameters recovered much more quickly owing to a net excretion of acid into the water. The more rapid recovery of acid–base balance suggests that branchial acid–base and ionoregulatory mechanisms may be only loosely linked. The irregular changes in blood ion concentrations indicate that considerable ionic and osmotic exchanges between the plasma, the remainder of the extracellular space, and the intracellular space must result from exposure to pH 4.

The effects of five fish anaesthetics on acid–base balance, hematocrit, blood gases, cortisol, and adrenaline in rainbow trout

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 2065-2073 ◽  
Author(s):  
George K. Iwama ◽  
James C. McGeer ◽  
Mark P. Pawluk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Dorsal Aorta ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Gas ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Deep Anaesthesia

Some physiological aspects of five fish anaesthetics in rainbow trout were investigated. The effects of benzocaine, 2-phenoxyethanol, MS-222 (Sandoz), metomidate, and carbon dioxide gas (CO2) on acid–base regulation, hematocrit, blood gases, and cortisol and adrenaline concentrations were determined in resting rainbow trout fitted with chronic catheters in the dorsal aorta. A severe hypoxia developed with the cessation of breathing in deep anaesthesia. This was accompanied by a rise in blood [Formula: see text] and adrenaline concentration, and a fall in blood pH. Blood bicarbonate concentrations remained unchanged and cortisol concentrations declined with time. There was a transient increase in hematocrit coinciding with the increase in adrenaline concentrations.

Blood respiratory properties of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) kept in water of high CO2 tension

1977 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. B. Eddy ◽  
J. P. Lomholt ◽  
R. E. Weber ◽  
K. Johansen
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Plasma Bicarbonate ◽  
O2 Transport ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Base Balance

1. Blood O2 transport and acid-base balance were studied at 20 degrees C in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) which had been kept in water of high CO2 content (15 mmHg) for at least a week. Also the blood gas chemistry of fish rapidly entering or leaving the hypercapnic environment was studied. 2. Fish entering high CO2 water suffered a sharp decrease in blood pH which significantly reduced O2 transport by the blood, but after a few hours considerable compensation was achieved. 3. After at least a week in high CO2 water, trout showed elevated plasma bicarbonate and PCO2 levels, and a decrease in plasma chloride, while pH was about 0 - 1 pH unit below the level for control fish. Oxygen transport by the blood was marginally reduced. 4. Hypercapnic fish rapidly entering fresh water showed a sharp increase in blood pH and a decrease in blood PO2. These parameters regained normal values after a few hours but plasma bicarbonate and chloride levels took much longer to regain control concentrations. 5. Acid-base balance in hypercapnic fish is discussed with particular reference to the role of the branchial ion exchanges.

The Stress of Formalin Treatments in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1899-1904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Wedemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Ventilation Rates ◽  
Gill Function

Changes in gill function, acid–base balance and pituitary activation occurring during standard 200 ppm formalin treatments of juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were compared. Plasma Cl−, Ca++, total CO2, and interrenal vitamin C in the trout declined continuously and in proportion to the exposure time, but the salmon were able to maintain these metabolic parameters at approximately initial levels. Blood pH and alkaline reserve regulation of the salmon was also less affected by formalin treatments, especially during prolonged exposures. The oxygen consumption of both species was depressed, but substantially more so in the trout than could be accounted for by decreased ventilation rates. Little frank hemolysis occurred in either species, but there was a significant bilirubinemia in the trout.

Acid-base balance in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) subjected to acid stresses

1976 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-171
Author(s):  
F. B. Eddy
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Ambient Water ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Ambient Co2

1. The respiratory properties of rainbow-trout blood were investigated in acid-stressed fish. In the first group acid was introduced into the bloodstream and in the second the carbon dioxide content of the ambient water was increased. 2. Initially the introduction of acid to the blood caused a decrease in blood pH and bicarbonate, and increases in oxygen uptake and ventilation volume. After 2–3 h these values had returned to the control levels. 3. Trout subjected to high ambient CO2 (about 10 mmHg) showed a decrease in blood pH while PCO2 and bicarbonate increased. After 8 h the trout began to show signs of compensation to the acidosis. 4. In each experiment the blood PO2 was little changed but blood O2 content was decreased and tended not to resume the control value even after several hours. 5. The results are discussed in terms of the various acid-base mechanisms thought to be available to the fish. These include branchial ion exchanges and the possible buffering roles of the extracellular and intracellular fluids.

scholarly journals ASSOCIATION OF ACID-BASE PARAMETERS WITH LACTATE LEVEL IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS WITH METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Donaliazarti Donaliazarti ◽  
Rismawati Yaswir ◽  
Hanifah Maani ◽  
Efrida Efrida
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Critically Ill Patients ◽  
Lactate Level ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Base Parameters ◽  
Base Balance

Metabolic acidosis is prevalent among critically ill patients and the common cause of metabolic acidosis in ICU is lactic acidosis. However, not all ICUs can provide lactate measurement. The traditional method that uses Henderson-Hasselbach equation (completed with BE and AG) and alternative method consisting of Stewart and its modification (BDEgap and SIG), are acid-base balance parameters commonly used by clinicians to determine metabolic acidosis in critically ill patients. The objective of this study was to discover the association between acid-base parameters (BE, AGobserved, AGcalculated, SIG, BDEgap) with lactate level in critically ill patients with metabolic acidosis. This was an analytical study with a cross-sectional design. Eighty-four critically ill patients hospitalized in the ICU department Dr. M. Djamil Padang Hospital were recruited in this study from January to September 2016. Blood gas analysis and lactate measurement were performed by potentiometric and amperometric method while electrolytes and albumin measurement were done by ISE and colorimetric method (BCG). Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between acid-base parameters with lactate level based on p-value less than 0.05. Fourty five (54%) were females and thirty-nine (46%) were males with participant’s ages ranged from 18 to 81 years old. Postoperative was the most reason for ICU admission (88%). Linear regression analysis showed that p-value for BE, AGobserved, AGcalculated, SIG and BDEgap were 119; 0.967; 0.001; 0.001; 0.689, respectively. Acid-base balance parameters which were mostly associated with lactate level in critically ill patients with metabolic acidosis were AGcalculated and SIG. 

Intestinal base excretion in the seawater-adapted rainbow trout: a role in acid-base balance?

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (10) ◽  
pp. 2331-2343 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Wilson ◽  
K Gilmour ◽  
R Henry ◽  
C Wood
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Excretion Rate ◽  
Anterior Region ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Opsanus Beta ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
High Fluid

A potential role for the intestine of seawater-adapted teleosts in acid­base regulation was investigated following earlier reports of highly alkaline rectal fluids in the gulf toadfish Opsanus beta. Rectal samples taken from starved seawater-adapted rainbow trout had a high fluid pH (8.90±0.03; mean ± s.e.m., N=13) and base (HCO3-+2CO32-) content of 157±26 mequiv kg-1 (N=11). In trout fitted with rectal catheters, rectal fluid was voided at a rate of 0.47±0.11 ml kg-1 h-1 (N=8), giving a net base excretion rate of 114±15 µequiv kg-1 h-1 (N=7). Drinking rates averaged 3.12±0.48 ml kg-1 h-1 (N=8), and accounted for only 6 % of the base excreted via the intestine, indicating substantial net transport of endogenously derived base into the intestine. Rectally excreted base was approximately balanced by an equivalent efflux of net acid from non-rectal sources (possibly as NH4+ excretion via the gills). Samples taken from four sites along the intestine revealed that the most anterior region (the pyloric intestine) was responsible for the majority of HCO3-+2CO32- accumulation. The pyloric intestine was subsequently perfused in situ to investigate possible mechanisms of base secretion. Net base fluxes were found to be dependent on luminal Cl-, 76 % stimulated by amiloride, 20 % inhibited by 10(-4) mol l-1 acetazolamide, but unaffected by either 10(-4) mol l-1 SITS or 2x10(-5) mol l-1 DIDS. This suggests that the mechanism of base secretion within the pyloric intestine may involve a Cl-/HCO3--ATPase. It is speculated that intestinal base secretion may play a role in facilitating osmoregulation of seawater-adapted teleosts.

The effects of enforced activity on ventilation, circulation and blood acid-base balance in the aquatic gill-less urodele, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis; a comparison with the semi-terrestrial anuran, Bufo marinus

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-302
Author(s):  
R. G. Boutilier ◽  
D. G. McDonald ◽  
D. P. Toews
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Period ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Bufo Marinus ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Cryptobranchus Alleganiensis ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Lower Magnitude

A combined respiratory and metabolic acidosis occurs in the arterial blood immediately following 30 min of strenuous activity in the predominantly skin-breathing urodele, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, and in the bimodal-breathing anuran, Bufo marinus, at 25 degrees C. In Bufo, the bulk of the post-exercise acidosis is metabolic in origin (principally lactic acid) and recovery is complete within 4-8 h. In the salamander, a lower magnitude, longer duration, metabolic acid component and a more pronounced respiratory acidosis prolong the recovery period for up to 22 h post-exercise. It is suggested that fundamental differences between the dominant sites for gas exchange (pulmonary versus cutaneous), and thus in the control of respiratory acid-base balance, may underline the dissimilar patterns of recovery from exercise in these two species.

scholarly journals Effect of intensive fattening of bulls based on a high-grain diet on growth intensity and biochemical and acid-base parameters of blood

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 355-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Štercová ◽  
V. Pažout ◽  
E. Straková ◽  
P. Suchý
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Profile ◽  
Reference Range ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Growth Intensity ◽  
Base Parameters ◽  
Base Balance

The present study deals with the use of high-grain diets with a low proportion of fodder for fattened cattle, and with the evaluation of their effect on the growth intensity and metabolic profile of the animals. Thirty Holstein &times; Czech Pied bulls were given diets containing from 86.69 to 88.54% concentrates based on crushed cereals in the period from 216<sup>th</sup> to 327<sup>th</sup> day of age. The growth intensity of bulls was high, with the average daily weight gain of 1.64 kg in the course of the whole experiment. When the average body weight of animals reached 343.67 kg and 450.93 kg, blood samples were taken from the vena jugularis of 10 randomly selected animals for the assessment of acid-base balance and selected biochemical parameters. Slightly decreased pH values and increased pCO<sub>2</sub> were detected by the assessment of acid-base balance. The calculated values of base excess and standard bicarbonate were in the reference range; however in samples of the second collection a highly significant decrease was found (P &le; 0.01). By a biochemical analysis of blood increased levels of plasma phosphorus were detected in samples of both collections in comparison with the accepted reference range. A statistically highly significant increase (P &le; 0.01) in plasma urea concentrations was detected in samples of the second collection. Other investigated parameters ranged within the accepted reference values. The results of the experiments show that high-grain diets produced intensive growth with high daily weight gains, without adverse effects on the health status of the investigated bulls. Although some depletion of compensatory mechanisms maintaining the acid-base balance was recorded, no serious disturbance of metabolic profile was registered in the animals. &nbsp;

scholarly journals Isoflurane-induced acidosis depresses basal and PGE2-stimulated duodenal bicarbonate secretion in mice

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (3) ◽  
pp. G899-G904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Sjöblom ◽  
Olof Nylander
Keyword(s):  
Base Excess ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Bicarbonate Secretion ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Base Balance

When running in vivo experiments, it is imperative to keep arterial blood pressure and acid-base parameters within the normal physiological range. The aim of this investigation was to explore the consequences of anesthesia-induced acidosis on basal and PGE2-stimulated duodenal bicarbonate secretion. Mice (strain C57bl/6J) were kept anesthetized by a spontaneous inhalation of isoflurane. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), arterial acid-base balance, and duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion (DMBS) were studied. Two intra-arterial fluid support strategies were used: a standard Ringer solution and an isotonic Na2CO3 solution. Duodenal single perfusion was used, and DMBS was assessed by back titration of the effluent. PGE2 was used to stimulate DMBS. In Ringer solution-infused mice, isoflurane-induced acidosis became worse with time. The blood pH was 7.15–7.21 and the base excess was about −8 mM at the end of experiments. The continuous infusion of Na2CO3 solution completely compensated for the acidosis. The blood pH was 7.36–7.37 and base excess was about 1 mM at the end of the experiment. Basal and PGE2-stimulated DMBS were markedly greater in animals treated with Na2CO3 solution than in those treated with Ringer solution. MAP was slightly higher after Na2CO3 solution infusion than after Ringer solution infusion. We concluded that isoflurane-induced acidosis markedly depresses basal and PGE2-stimulated DMBS as well as the responsiveness to PGE2, effects prevented by a continuous infusion of Na2CO3. When performing in vivo experiments in isoflurane-anesthetized mice, it is recommended to supplement with a Na2CO3 infusion to maintain a normal acid-base balance.

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