Ambient Oxygen Tension and Transition to Anaerobic Metabolism in Three Species of Freshwater Fish

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 1216-1224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis T. Burton ◽  
Alan G. Heath
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Anaerobic Threshold ◽  
Anaerobic Metabolism ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Brown Bullhead ◽  
Ictalurus Nebulosus ◽  
Dissociation Curves

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), and brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus) were exposed to a gradual (over several hours) reduction in dissolved oxygen. Muscle and liver lactic and pyruvic acid concentrations were measured at seven environmental [Formula: see text]. The response was an increase in anaerobic metabolism of the resting fish at a threshold [Formula: see text] that varied with the species and acclimation temperature. A lower anaerobic threshold occurred after acclimation to cold in rainbow trout and possibly bluegill; cold acclimated brown bullhead did not metabolize anaerobically when held in water for 20 min with an oxygen tension near zero. The anaerobic thresholds correspond reasonably well to the relative positions of the blood oxygen dissociation curves for the three species. Only in the trout, however, does the anaerobic threshold found in this study compare to the critical oxygen tension (PC; [Formula: see text] below which aerobic metabolism becomes dependent on [Formula: see text] in the water). PC is far higher in both the bluegill and brown bullhead than the anaerobic threshold which suggests a reduction in overall energy expenditure in these species at rest when in water of low dissolved oxygen.Key words: anaerobic metabolism, lactate/pyruvate ratios, muscle, liver, rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri; bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus; brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus

scholarly journals Coronary flow in a perfused rainbow trout heart

1987 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Coronary Flow ◽  
Coronary Circulation ◽  
Coronary Vessels ◽  
Cardiac Metabolism ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Coronary Vascular Resistance ◽  
Coronary Resistance ◽  
Temperature Dependent

A preparation was developed to perfuse the coronary circulation in working hearts from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). The preparation was used to examine pressure-flow relationships for the coronary circulation as the heart generated physiological and subphysiological work loads. Coronary vascular resistance increased exponentially as coronary flow rate decreased. Coronary resistance was also influenced by cardiac metabolism and acclimation temperature. When heart rate was increased, extravascular compression increased in coronary resistance. Direct vasoconstriction of the coronary vessels, produced by injections of adrenaline into the coronary circulation, was temperature-dependent.

Localization of receptors causing hypoxic bradycardia in trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1260-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank M. Smith ◽  
David R. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Buccal Cavity ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Gill Arch ◽  
Cardiac Response ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Tongue Depressor ◽  
Hypoxic Water ◽  
Biological Advantage

Receptors causing the cardiac response to environmental hypoxia have been located in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Intact, unrestrained trout, acclimated to7or 16 °C. showed a marked increase in ventilation and bradycardia when exposed to hypoxia at their acclimation temperature, In experiments designed to locate the site of receptors causing hypoxic bradycardia, the buccal cavity of a fish was divided into two chambers by a tongue depressor, allowing oxygen tension of water flowing over each set of gills lo be varied independently. Irrigating one set of gills with hypoxic water [Formula: see text] while flowing hyperoxic water [Formula: see text] over the other caused heart rate to fall from 42.2 ± 0.6 (± SEM) to 26.4 ± 0.5 (± SEM) beats/min after 1 min of hypoxic water flow. Dorsal aortic [Formula: see text] was always above that recorded when both sets of gills were flushed with normoxic water [Formula: see text]. Bilateral ligation of the efferent pseudobranch artery and the pseudobranch nerve (cranial nerve IX) had no effect on the cardiac response to irrigation of one set of gills by hypoxic water. Physical removal of, or section of the nerve supply (cranial nerves IX and X) to, the first gill arch eliminated hypoxic bradycardia. The biological advantage of hypoxic bradycardia is discussed and it is suggested that gill arch receptors may function to monitor and maintain oxygen tension of blood leaving the gills.

Trypsin from Two Strains of Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri, is Influenced Differently by Assay and Acclimation Temperature

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1664-1667 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. McLeese ◽  
E. Don Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
High Strain ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Lower Affinity ◽  
Pyloric Caeca

Specific activity and kinetic constants of trypsin from the pyloric caeca of two strains of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, were measured using α-N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-ρ-nitroaniline∙HCl No increase in activity was observed with cold acclimation, suggesting that cold acclimation induces no increase in trypsin concentration. The apparent Km for the substrate was independent of assay temperature over the physiological range in both strains, probably to maintain high rates of catalysis at higher temperatures when nutrient requirements are high. Strain A trout produced a trypsin with lower affinity on cold acclimation, but Strain B trout did not. The two strains differed in intestinal morphology as well as in the characteristics of their trypsins.

Influence of Temperature Selection upon the Chlorine Avoidance of Cold-Water and Warmwater Fishes

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald S. Cherry ◽  
Stephan R. Larrick ◽  
James D. Giattina ◽  
John Cairns Jr. ◽  
John Van Hassel
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Largemouth Bass ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Temperature Selection ◽  
Chlorine Toxicity

The avoidance response of selected cold-water (stenothermal) and warmwater (eurythermal) fish species to total residual chlorine (TRC) was found to be species specific, influenced by temperature, and dependent upon the constituents within the TRC. The first significant avoidance of TRC (primarily free chlorine) at 12 and 18 °C occurred at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.10 mg/L for salmonids — rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) — and 0.10 to 0.40 mg/L at 12 and 24 °C for the eurythermal species — largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), and mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). A greater concentration of TRC was necessary to initiate avoidance at the highest acclimation temperature for most fish species tested although the amount of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) within the TRC was approximately the same regardless of the acclimation temperature at each avoidance concentration. For exposures comprised mainly of monochloramine (MONOCl), initial avoidance concentrations were generally equal to or greater than concentrations avoided in the TRC trials. After attraction into heated water, bluegill and largemouth bass avoided some TRC or MONOCl concentrations which were either equal to or twofold greater than the concentrations determined in tests without temperature attraction; for mosquitofish, the differences were as much as three to four times greater. Temperature attraction into chlorinated water was less influential for salmonids in elevating the avoidance response of chlorine with only a twofold increase in the avoidance concentration of TRC and none for MONOCl.Key words: chlorine avoidance, chlorine toxicity, temperature selection, stenothermal fish, eurythermal fish

Na+:K+- and HCO3−-stimulated ATPase activities in the gills and kidneys of thermally acclimated rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 704-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. McCarty ◽  
A. H. Houston
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Cold Adapted ◽  
Atpase System ◽  
Temperature Amplifier ◽  
Assay Conditions

Gill and kidney Mg2+-dependent, Na+:K+- and HCO3−-stimulated ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) activities were estimated at 25 °C and at acclimation temperature in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, acclimated to 2, 10, and 18 °C, as were plasma levels of sodium, potassium, and chloride. Sodium and chloride exhibited no significant variation between 2 and 18 °C; potassium levels were elevated at 18 °C. When assayed at 25 °C Mg2+-dependent and HCO3−-stimulated ATPase activities did not vary consistently or significantly in relation to acclimation temperature. Under comparable assay conditions both gill and kidney Na+:K+-stimulated activities declined at higher acclimation temperatures. Significant increases in all activities were encountered when preparations were incubated at the appropriate acclimation temperature. The data suggest that the branchial Na+:K+–ATPase system serves primarily as a high-temperature amplifier of sodium uptake, and may contribute little to the maintenance of sodium balance in the cold-adapted animal. No evidence of a critical involvement of HCO3−-stimulated ATPase in ionic regulations was obtained.

Sealed-Jar Bioassays for Pulpmill Effluent Toxicity: Effects of Fish Species and Temperature

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 1389-1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Gordon ◽  
Donald J. McLeay
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Test Temperature ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Oxygen Utilization ◽  
Effluent Toxicity

To standardize the sealed-jar bioassay for optimum sensitivity to whole bleached kraft pulpmill effluent, experiments were designed to assess the effects of test temperature, acclimation temperature, and fish species. Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) conformed to a previously recognized test paradigm by showing progressively decreased oxygen utilization with increasing toxicant concentrations; however, rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) did not. In concentrations of effluent < 1.5 LC50, rainbow trout used significantly more oxygen than control groups, while coho salmon used significantly less oxygen. The sensitivity of these responses was influenced by test temperature and acclimation temperature. Results for coho confirmed that this species was most sensitive to effluent when tested at ambient room temperature. Both species showed significantly decreased oxygen utilization in effluent concentrations > 1.5 LC50 irrespective of test temperature or acclimation temperature. The significance of these responses is discussed, and the applicability of sealed-jar bioassays for assessing the acute toxicity of pulpmill effluents is reviewed. Key words: residual oxygen bioassay, sealed-jar bioassay, pulpmill effluent toxicity, temperature, hyperthermia, respiration, hypoxia, species-specific response

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