Influence of Temperature Selection upon the Chlorine Avoidance of Cold-Water and Warmwater Fishes

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald S. Cherry ◽  
Stephan R. Larrick ◽  
James D. Giattina ◽  
John Cairns Jr. ◽  
John Van Hassel
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Largemouth Bass ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Temperature Selection ◽  
Chlorine Toxicity

The avoidance response of selected cold-water (stenothermal) and warmwater (eurythermal) fish species to total residual chlorine (TRC) was found to be species specific, influenced by temperature, and dependent upon the constituents within the TRC. The first significant avoidance of TRC (primarily free chlorine) at 12 and 18 °C occurred at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.10 mg/L for salmonids — rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) — and 0.10 to 0.40 mg/L at 12 and 24 °C for the eurythermal species — largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), and mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). A greater concentration of TRC was necessary to initiate avoidance at the highest acclimation temperature for most fish species tested although the amount of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) within the TRC was approximately the same regardless of the acclimation temperature at each avoidance concentration. For exposures comprised mainly of monochloramine (MONOCl), initial avoidance concentrations were generally equal to or greater than concentrations avoided in the TRC trials. After attraction into heated water, bluegill and largemouth bass avoided some TRC or MONOCl concentrations which were either equal to or twofold greater than the concentrations determined in tests without temperature attraction; for mosquitofish, the differences were as much as three to four times greater. Temperature attraction into chlorinated water was less influential for salmonids in elevating the avoidance response of chlorine with only a twofold increase in the avoidance concentration of TRC and none for MONOCl.Key words: chlorine avoidance, chlorine toxicity, temperature selection, stenothermal fish, eurythermal fish

Sealed-Jar Bioassays for Pulpmill Effluent Toxicity: Effects of Fish Species and Temperature

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 1389-1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Gordon ◽  
Donald J. McLeay
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Test Temperature ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Oxygen Utilization ◽  
Effluent Toxicity

To standardize the sealed-jar bioassay for optimum sensitivity to whole bleached kraft pulpmill effluent, experiments were designed to assess the effects of test temperature, acclimation temperature, and fish species. Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) conformed to a previously recognized test paradigm by showing progressively decreased oxygen utilization with increasing toxicant concentrations; however, rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) did not. In concentrations of effluent < 1.5 LC50, rainbow trout used significantly more oxygen than control groups, while coho salmon used significantly less oxygen. The sensitivity of these responses was influenced by test temperature and acclimation temperature. Results for coho confirmed that this species was most sensitive to effluent when tested at ambient room temperature. Both species showed significantly decreased oxygen utilization in effluent concentrations > 1.5 LC50 irrespective of test temperature or acclimation temperature. The significance of these responses is discussed, and the applicability of sealed-jar bioassays for assessing the acute toxicity of pulpmill effluents is reviewed. Key words: residual oxygen bioassay, sealed-jar bioassay, pulpmill effluent toxicity, temperature, hyperthermia, respiration, hypoxia, species-specific response

Effects of Cage Culture on Growth, Abundance, and Survival of Resident Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raj V. Kilambi ◽  
James C. Adams ◽  
William A. Wickizer
Keyword(s):  
Stomach Content ◽  
Ictalurus Punctatus ◽  
Largemouth Bass ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Micropterus Salmoides ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Cage Culture ◽  
Content Analyses ◽  
Culture Growth

Growth, population size, and survival of resident largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were estimated before, during, and after the cage culture of Salmo gairdneri and Ictalurus punctatus. Growth in length, length–weight relationship, and condition factor were similar among the periods; however, abundance and survival of largemouth bass increased through the 3 yr of investigation. Stomach content analyses showed that the bass fed on fishes (mostly Lepomis macrochirus), crayfish, insects, and zooplankton (predominantly entomostracans). Increase in the standing crops of L. macrochirus and entomostracans during the study periods have provided forage to the increased bass population and thus resulted in greater survival of the young and adult bass of the cage culture and postcage culture periods. Key words: largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, cage culture, growth, abundance, survival

Preferred, Avoided, and Lethal Temperatures of Fish During Rising Temperature Conditions

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald S. Cherry ◽  
Kenneth L. Dickson ◽  
John Cairns Jr. ◽  
Jay R. Stauffer
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Temperature Limit ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Final Temperature ◽  
Preferred Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Preferences

Selected temperatures increased for 15 fish species in a laboratory gradient when acclimated to 3 °C increments from 12 to 27 °C. Temperature preferences exceeded acclimation temperatures between 12 to 27 °C for all except the telescope shiner (Notropis telescopus), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), brown trout (Salmo trutta), and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). At 30, 33, or 36 °C acclimation, preferred temperatures were less than the acclimation temperature. The highest temperature preferences occurred at acclimations of 27, 30, or 33 °C. Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), spotted bass (Micropterus punctulatus), rockbass (Ambloplites rupestris), and the spotfin shiner (Notropis spilopterus) consistently selected the highest temperatures while the lowest temperatures were preferred by the salmonids. Final temperature preferences were usually greater than 29 °C for most centrarchids, above 24 °C for most cyprinids, and less than 19 °C for salmonids.Avoidance temperatures increased as acclimation temperature increased. Upper avoidances tested at high acclimation temperatures (30–36 °C) either equalled or exceeded the 7-day upper lethal temperature limit of the species by 1–2 °C, while avoidances were below this upper lethal limit when tested at the acclimation temperature closest to the species' final temperature preference.

Ambient Oxygen Tension and Transition to Anaerobic Metabolism in Three Species of Freshwater Fish

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 1216-1224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis T. Burton ◽  
Alan G. Heath
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Anaerobic Threshold ◽  
Anaerobic Metabolism ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Brown Bullhead ◽  
Ictalurus Nebulosus ◽  
Dissociation Curves

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), and brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus) were exposed to a gradual (over several hours) reduction in dissolved oxygen. Muscle and liver lactic and pyruvic acid concentrations were measured at seven environmental [Formula: see text]. The response was an increase in anaerobic metabolism of the resting fish at a threshold [Formula: see text] that varied with the species and acclimation temperature. A lower anaerobic threshold occurred after acclimation to cold in rainbow trout and possibly bluegill; cold acclimated brown bullhead did not metabolize anaerobically when held in water for 20 min with an oxygen tension near zero. The anaerobic thresholds correspond reasonably well to the relative positions of the blood oxygen dissociation curves for the three species. Only in the trout, however, does the anaerobic threshold found in this study compare to the critical oxygen tension (PC; [Formula: see text] below which aerobic metabolism becomes dependent on [Formula: see text] in the water). PC is far higher in both the bluegill and brown bullhead than the anaerobic threshold which suggests a reduction in overall energy expenditure in these species at rest when in water of low dissolved oxygen.Key words: anaerobic metabolism, lactate/pyruvate ratios, muscle, liver, rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri; bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus; brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus

Temperatures Selected and Avoided by Fish at Various Acclimation Temperatures

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald S. Cherry ◽  
Kenneth L. Dickson ◽  
John Cairns Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Ictalurus Punctatus ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Smallmouth Bass ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Lepomis Cyanellus ◽  
Range Difference ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Green Sunfish

Temperatures selected and avoided by 13 fish species, evaluated at decreasing increments of 3 C from 30 to 6 C, declined as the acclimation temperature decreased from summer to winter. As acclimation levels declined the difference between acclimation and selected temperatures increased for centrarchids and cyprinids, whereas the difference between these two temperatures increased for trout above and below the 18 C level of acclimation. Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and spotted bass (Micropterus punctulatus) selected the highest temperatures at all acclimation levels, followed by channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui), spotfin shiner (Notropis spilopterus), and other cyprinids. Rainbow (Salmo gairdneri) and brook (Salvelinus fontinalis) trout selected the lowest temperatures. A linear regression of the selection vs. the acclimation temperatures was plotted for cyprinids, centrarchids, and salmonids.As the acclimation temperature was lowered, temperatures avoided decreased and the difference between the upper and lower avoidance range increased at each acclimation level. Eurythermal species, centrarchids, ictalurids, and most cyprinids, generally had a range difference of at least 10 C or more between the upper and lower avoidance temperature at each acclimation level.

Changes in Immunological Parameters and Disease Resistance in Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Response to Dehydroabietic Acid Exposure under Varying Thermal Conditions

2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith B. Tierney ◽  
Eric Stockner ◽  
Christopher J. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Dehydroabietic Acid ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Shock ◽  
Exposure Temperature

Abstract This study explored the effects of a sublethal 96-h dehydroabietic acid (DHAA) exposure on aspects of the immune system of juvenile coho salmon under varying temperature conditions. Coho were exposed to DHAA concentrations below the determined LC50 value of 0.94 mg/L (95% confidence limits of 0.81 to 1.24 mg/L) for 96 h at either their acclimation temperature (8 or 18°C), or during an acute warm-shock (8 to 18°C) or cold-shock (18 to 8°C). Acclimation temperature alone significantly affected hematocrit (Hct), neutrophil respiratory burst activity (RBA) and leucocyte proportions. With temperature-shock, leucocrit (Lct), RBA and leucocyte proportions were altered. All parameters were affected by DHAA exposure, but not always in a dose-dependent manner. Across groups, DHAA caused Hct, lysozyme, thrombocyte, neutrophil and monocyte proportions to increase, and Lct, RBA and lymphocyte proportions to decrease. DHAA-temperature interactions resulted in the exacerbation of DHAA-induced effects. Exposure temperature had the most significant effect on the susceptibility of coho to Aeromonas salmonicida; fish were more susceptible at cold temperatures and when subjected to a temperature-shock compared to their respective controls. DHAA exposure modulated the response of temperature-shocked fish to this pathogen.

Temperature Selection of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Fingerlings in Vertical and Horizontal Gradients

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1801-1804 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. McCauley ◽  
W. L. Pond
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Temperature Preference ◽  
Temperature Selection ◽  
Horizontal Gradients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Preferred Temperatures ◽  
Laboratory Investigations ◽  
Horizontal Temperature Gradients ◽  
Selection Of

Preferred temperatures of underyearling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were determined in both vertical and horizontal temperature gradients. No statistically significant difference was found between the preferred temperatures by the two different methods. This suggests that the nature of the gradient plays a lesser role than generally believed in laboratory investigations of temperature preference.

scholarly journals Effect of the Human Utilization of Northern Snakehead (Channa argus Cantor, 1842) on the Settlement of Exotic Fish and Cladoceran Community Structure

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2486
Author(s):  
Jong-Yun Choi ◽  
Seong-Ki Kim
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Micropterus Salmoides ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Nakdong River ◽  
Exotic Fish ◽  
Carnivorous Fish ◽  
Channa Argus ◽  
The Nakdong River ◽  
Exotic Fish Species

Empirical studies suggest that changes in the density of top predators, such as carnivorous fish, in freshwater food webs, strongly affect not only fish communities but also various primary and secondary consumers. Based on these findings, we explored how differences in the utilization of carnivorous fish (i.e., Northern Snakehead, Channa argus) by humans affected the fish and cladoceran community structure as well as the settlement of exotic fish species (i.e., Lepomis macrochirus and Micropterus salmoides) in 30 wetlands located in the upper and lower reaches of the Nakdong River. Our results show that in the mid–lower reaches of the Nakdong River, the density of C. argus was low, while high densities of L. macrochirus and M. salmoides were observed. Exotic fish species are frequently consumed by C. argus, leading to a low density of L. macrochirus and M. salmoides in the upper reaches, which supported a high density of C. argus. However, in the mid–lower reaches, the density of L. macrochirus was high because of the frequent collection of C. argus by fishing activities. The dominance of L. macrochirus significantly changed the structure of cladoceran communities. L. macrochirus mainly feeds on pelagic species, increasing the density of epiphytic species in the mid–lower reaches. The continued utilization of C. argus by humans induced a stable settlement of exotic fish species and strongly affected the community structures of primary consumers in the 30 wetlands. The frequency of C. argus collection has to be reduced to secure biodiversity in the mid–lower reaches of the Nakdong River, which will reduce the proportion of exotic fish species and increase the conservation of native fish.

Physiological Response of Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) to Handling and Crowding Stress in Intensive Fish Culture

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 2699-2702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A. Wedemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Fish Distribution ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Crowding Stress ◽  
Normal Feeding ◽  
Intensive Fish Culture

Moving 4–5-in. coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) held in soft (20 ppm CaCO3) water from the relatively light loading density of 0.5 lb/ft3 to 1, 2, or 4 lb/ft3 (density index, DI = 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8) caused significant stress as indicated by loss of feeding behavior, but only minimal physiological disturbances, as indicated by lack of hyperglycemia or hypochloremia. However, moving them to 6 or 12 lb/ft3 (DI = 1.2, 2.4) caused significant physiological stress which required at least a week for recovery. Smolting coho salmon were physiologically stressed by population densities of 1 lb/ft3 or more and a subclinical corynebacterial kidney infection was activated. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) (4–5 in.) were physiologically stressed when moved and held at 1 lb/ft3 or more but retained normal feeding behavior. This indicates that handling and crowding stress will be minimized in softwater areas if densities in fish distribution trucks or in ponds or raceways during disease treatments are held to 0.1–0.5 lb/gal.

Quantitative comparisons of the morphology and ultrastructure of erythrocyte nuclei from seven freshwater fish species

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 1951-1959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles H. Jagoe ◽  
Dave A. Welter
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Micropterus Salmoides ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Nuclear Size ◽  
Image Analysis System ◽  
Cell Nuclei ◽  
Homogeneous Population ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

Chromosome number and genomic DNA content vary widely among fish species, and ploidy can vary within species. This suggests that the size, shape, and morphological features of cell nuclei may also vary. Nucleated erythrocytes of fish are an easily sampled homogeneous population of differentiated cells ideal for inter- and intra-species comparisons. We collected blood samples from largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), chain pickerel (Esox niger), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki), redeye bass (Micropterus coosae), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and removed cytoplasm and nuclear membranes from blood cells. Individual nuclei were examined and measured using scanning electron microscopy and a computerized image analysis system, and inter- and intra-species differences evaluated by nested analysis of variance. Nuclear size and shape varied significantly among species. Isolated nuclei had conspicuous apertures or holes, and the number and size of these holes also varied significantly among species. Variations in nuclear size and structure within species were small compared with interspecies differences. Little is known of the ultrastructure of erythrocyte nuclei in lower vertebrates, but their structure differs considerably from that of other vertebrate non-erythroid cells, suggesting that the organization of their DNA and associated proteins may be different.

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