Effects of Salinity on Growth, Metabolism, and Ion Regulation in Juvenile Rainbow and Steelhead Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Fall Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 2083-2094 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Morgan ◽  
George K. Iwama
Keyword(s):  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Life History Stage ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Ionic Homeostasis ◽  
Ion Regulation

Rainbow and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) fry were acclimated to a range of salinities to test the hypothesis that the energy requirements for ion regulation would be minimal at an isotonic water salinity (8–10 ppt). Survival, growth, metabolic rate, plasma Na+ and Cl− concentrations, and seawater adaptability were measured for 5–12 wk, depending on the species. Growth of all three species was highest in fresh water and declined with increasing salinity. Metabolic rates increased with salinity and were inversely correlated with growth rates. Isotonic salinity, therefore, did not offer significant metabolic or growth advantages to rainbow, steelhead, and chinook fry. While plasma Na+ and Cl− concentrations varied among groups, chinook fry tended to better maintain ionic homeostasis at higher salinities than the trout. Acclimation to the various dilute salinities did not influence the seawater adaptability of juvenile steelhead trout or chinook salmon. Our results indicate that optimal salinities for growth and metabolic rates were influenced by species and life history stage. The metabolic rate data suggested that the energetic cost of ionic regulation increased with salinity, but attempts to quantify this cost were probably affected by other metabolic processes which responded to changes in salinity.

Effects of salinity on aerobic metabolism and development of eggs and alevins of steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 1341-1346 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Morgan ◽  
John O. T. Jensen ◽  
George K. Iwama
Keyword(s):  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Hatching Success ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Egg Hatchability ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Salmon Eggs

Metabolic rates, hatching success, alevin survival, time to hatch, and growth were measured for steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) embryos incubated in salinities of 0, 4, 8, and 12 parts per thousand (ppt) from the eyed stage. Metabolic rates of eyed steelhead trout eggs, and chinook salmon eggs and alevins were not significantly affected by the salinities tested. The metabolic rate of newly hatched steelhead trout alevins, however, was significantly lower in 8-ppt, and significantly higher in 12-ppt, than in 0- and 4-ppt salinities. Egg hatchability was high in all four salinities, but newly hatched alevins of both species showed decreased survival and were smaller in 12-ppt salinity. Salinity effects on alevin survival and size were greater for steelhead trout than for chinook salmon. The results suggest that 8-ppt salinity is the upper limit for the normal development of steelhead trout and chinook salmon eggs and alevins.

Diel movements of out-migrating Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) smolts in the Sacramento/San Joaquin watershed

2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 273-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric D. Chapman ◽  
Alex R. Hearn ◽  
Cyril J. Michel ◽  
Arnold J. Ammann ◽  
Steven T. Lindley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Steelhead Trout

Interannual variation of reach specific migratory success for Sacramento River hatchery yearling late-fall run Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 363-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel P. Singer ◽  
Alex R. Hearn ◽  
Eric D. Chapman ◽  
Matthew L. Peterson ◽  
Peter E. LaCivita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Interannual Variation ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Sacramento River ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Late Fall

Influence of pinniped-caused injuries on the survival of adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Columbia River basin

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 1615-1624 ◽  
Author(s):  
George P. Naughton ◽  
Matthew L. Keefer ◽  
Tami S. Clabough ◽  
Michael A. Jepson ◽  
Steven R. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Columbia River ◽  
Columbia River Basin ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Large Fish ◽  
Density Dependent

Increasing pinniped abundance in the Pacific Northwest has coincided with population declines of Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus  spp.) and steelhead trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ), and concentrated predation may affect the recovery of some threatened and endangered salmonid stocks. We used radiotelemetry to evaluate pinniped-caused injury effects on migration survival of 17 007 adult Columbia River Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) and steelhead trout. Injuries from pinnipeds were common (mean injury rate across 29 run-years = 36.5%) and were most common for spring Chinook salmon and steelhead trout. Injury was not consistently associated with adult survival to spawning tributaries, but some negative survival effects were detected. Pinniped-caused injury rates decreased as annual run sizes increased, indicating density-dependent or saturation effects. Within a run, large fish generally had a higher injury incidence than small fish, suggesting pinnipeds targeted large fish or more efficiently captured small fish. Seasonal, size-dependent, and density-dependent results imply that pinniped effects likely differ widely among salmonid populations within the Columbia River basin. A better understanding of these effects is needed to guide management and conservation strategies.

Habitat-, season-, and size-specific variation in diel activity patterns of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J Bradford ◽  
Paul S Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Diel Activity ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Diel Activity Patterns ◽  
Specific Variation ◽  
Juvenile Chinook

Juvenile salmonids that live in streams are sometimes nocturnal and may spend the day concealed in the stream substrate. We observed the diel activity patterns of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in two areas of the Bridge River, British Columbia, in all four seasons. In a reach with higher flows, most fish were nocturnal year-round, and they emerged from the substrate only at dusk to forage. In the reach with lower flows, some fish were active in the water column in the day in summer, but others remained concealed in the substrate until dusk. Parr and older fish were more nocturnal in summer than fry. All fish were nocturnal in winter. Because our study design controlled for temperature and photoperiod, we concluded that the differences in behaviour that we observed between reaches were due to habitat conditions that likely affected the trade-off between more risky daytime foraging and less efficient, but safer, nighttime foraging. Habitat-driven variation in activity patterns will likely affect the processes that regulate these populations and could make the prediction of the effects of ecosystem manipulations such as changes in flow very difficult.

The effects of domestication on the relative vulnerability of hatchery and wild origin spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to predation

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 813-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony L Fritts ◽  
Jennifer L Scott ◽  
Todd N Pearsons
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relative Vulnerability

We tested whether one generation of state-of-the-art hatchery culture influenced the vulnerability of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) fry to predators. Size-matched hatchery and wild origin spring Chinook salmon fry were exposed to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and torrent sculpin (Cottus rhotheus) predators in 10.8 m3 net pens. The hatchery origin fry were the offspring of first generation hatchery-reared broodstock, and the wild origin fry had no history of hatchery culture; both originated from the same stock. Wild origin fry were found to have a 2.2% (p = 0.016) survival advantage over hatchery origin fry during 2 years of predation challenges. The most important findings of this study are (i) domestication can affect the susceptibility to predators after only one generation of state-of-the-art hatchery culture practices, and (ii) the domestication effect was very small.

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