Effects of surgically and gastrically implanted radio transmitters on swimming performance and predator avoidance of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Radiotelemetry data are often used to make inferences about an entire study population; therefore, the transmitter attachment method should be the one that least affects the study animal. Juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) <120 mm in fork length (FL) with either gastrically or surgically implanted transmitters had significantly lower critical swimming speeds than control fish 1 and 19-23 days after tagging. For fish >120 mm FL, fish with gastric implants swam as well as controls 1 day but not 19-23 days after tagging. In contrast, fish with surgical implants swam as well as controls 19-23 days but not 1 day after tagging. During predation trials, fish with gastric or surgical implants were eaten by smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) in significantly greater numbers than controls. We do not recommend implanting transmitters (representing 4.6-10.4% of the fish's body weight) in fish <120 mm FL. Furthermore, surgical implants (representing 2.2-5.6% of the fish's body weight) may be the preferred method for biotelemetry studies of juvenile chinook salmon >120 mm FL.

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Vulnerability to predation and physiological stress responses in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) experimentally infected with Renibacterium salmoninarum

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f98-049 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 55 (7) ◽

pp. 1599-1606 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Matthew G Mesa ◽

Thomas P Poe ◽

Alec G Maule ◽

Carl B Schreck

Keyword(s):

Stress Responses ◽

Chinook Salmon ◽

Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽

Physiological Stress ◽

Smallmouth Bass ◽

Control Fish ◽

Infection Level ◽

Renibacterium Salmoninarum ◽

Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽

Juvenile Chinook

We experimentally infected juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) with Renibacterium salmoninarum (Rs), the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD), to examine the vulnerability to predation of fish with differing levels of Rs infection and assess physiological change during progression of the disease. Immersion challenges conducted during 1992 and 1994 produced fish with either a low to moderate (1992) or high (1994) infection level of Rs during the 14-week postchallenge rearing period. When equal numbers of treatment and unchallenged control fish were subjected to predation by either northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) or smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui), Rs-challenged fish were eaten in significantly greater numbers than controls by nearly two to one. In 1994, we also sampled fish every 2 weeks after the challenge to determine some stressful effects of Rs infection. During disease progression in fish, plasma cortisol and lactate increased significantly whereas glucose decreased significantly. Our results indicate the role that BKD may play in predator-prey interactions, thus ascribing some ecological significance to this disease beyond that of direct pathogen-related mortality. In addition, the physiological changes observed in our fish during the chronic progression of BKD indicate that this disease is stressful, particularly during the later stages.

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Predator avoidance ability of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) subjected to sublethal exposures of gas-supersaturated water

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f96-326 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 54 (4) ◽

pp. 757-764 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

M G Mesa ◽

J J Warren

Keyword(s):

Chinook Salmon ◽

Predator Avoidance ◽

Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽

Control Fish ◽

Dissolved Gas ◽

Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽

Unexposed Control ◽

Lateral Lines ◽

Gill Filaments ◽

Juvenile Chinook

To assess the effects of gas bubble trauma (GBT) on the predator avoidance ability of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), we created groups of fish that differed in prevalence and severity of gas emboli in their lateral lines, fins, and gills by exposing them to 112% total dissolved gas (TDG) for 13 days, 120% TDG for 8 h, or 130% TDG for 3.5 h. We subjected exposed and unexposed control fish simultaneously to predation by northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) in water of normal gas saturation in 6, 18, and 10 tests using prey exposed to 112, 120, and 130% TDG, respectively. Only fish exposed to 130% TDG showed a significant increase in vulnerability to predation. The signs of GBT exhibited by fish sampled just prior to predator exposure were generally more severe in fish exposed to 130% TDG, which had the most extensive occlusion of the lateral line and gill filaments with gas emboli. Fish exposed to 112% TDG had the most severe signs of GBT in the fins. Our results suggest that fish showing GBT signs similar to those of our fish exposed to 130% TDG, regardless of their precise exposure history, may be more vulnerable to predation.

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Antibody-producing cells correlated to body weight in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) acclimated to optimal and elevated temperatures

Fish & Shellfish Immunology ◽

10.1006/fsim.2001.0342 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 653-659 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Laura N.M. Harrahy ◽

Carl B. Schreck ◽

Alec G. Maule

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Chinook Salmon ◽

Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽

Juvenile Chinook

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Effects of transmitter type, tagging method, body size, and temperature on behavior, physiology, and swimming performance of juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Open-File Report ◽

10.3133/ofr20181186 ◽

2018 ◽

Keyword(s):

Body Size ◽

Chinook Salmon ◽

Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽

Swimming Performance ◽

Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽

Juvenile Chinook

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Respiratory Response of Juvenile Chinook Salmon and Striped Bass Exposed to Benzene, a Water-Soluble Component of Crude Oil

International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings ◽

10.7901/2169-3358-1973-1-783 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 1973 (1) ◽

pp. 783-791 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Robert W. Brocksen ◽

Howard T. Bailey

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Respiratory Rate ◽

Striped Bass ◽

Chinook Salmon ◽

Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽

Oil Spills ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Control Fish ◽

Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽

Juvenile Chinook

ABSTRACT Interest surrounding the potential effects of crude oil on aquatic organisms has increased in recent years due to the incidence of accidental oil spills. There are few experimental results reported, however, dealing with the effect on aquatic species of water-soluble aromatic hydrocarbons contained in crude oil. Such compounds are highly toxic to mammals. Experiments were conducted using juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and striped bass, Morone saxatilis. The fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of the aromatic hydrocarbon benzene, for periods ranging from 1–96 hours. Prior to exposure, and after exposure to the benzene, respiration rates of individual fish were measured. Results show increases in respiratory rate up to 115 percent above that of control fish after exposure periods of 24 hours for striped bass and 48 hours for chinook salmon. Fish exposed to benzene concentrations of 10 ppm for periods longer than those listed exhibited a narcosis that caused a decrease in respiratory rate. The narcotic state induced by exposure to benzene was shown to be reversible when the fish were placed in fresh water and kept for periods longer than 6 days. Possible biochemical mechanisms leading to this response are hypothesized.

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Costs of living for juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in an increasingly warming and invaded world

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f2012-094 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 69 (10) ◽

pp. 1621-1630 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Lauren M. Kuehne ◽

Julian D. Olden ◽

Jeffrey J. Duda

Keyword(s):

Chinook Salmon ◽

Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽

Pacific Salmon ◽

Multiple Stressors ◽

Freshwater Ecosystems ◽

Smallmouth Bass ◽

Interactive Effects ◽

Physiological Indicators ◽

Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽

Juvenile Chinook

Rapid environmental change in freshwater ecosystems has created a need to understand the interactive effects of multiple stressors, with temperature and invasive predators identified as key threats to imperiled fish species. We tested the separate and interactive effects of water temperature and predation by non-native smallmouth bass ( Micropterus dolomieu ) on the lethal (mortality) and sublethal (behavior, physiology, and growth) effects for juvenile Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) in seminatural stream channel experiments. Over 48 h trials, there was no difference in direct predation with warmer temperatures, but significant interactive effects on sublethal responses of juvenile salmon. Warmer temperatures resulted in significantly stronger and more variable antipredator responses (surface shoaling and swimming activity), while physiological indicators (plasma glucose, plasma cortisol) suggested suppression of physiological mechanisms in response to the combined stressors. These patterns corresponded with additive negative growth in predation, temperature, and combined treatments. Our results suggest that chronic increases in temperature may not increase direct predation over short periods, but can result in significant sublethal costs with negative implications for long-term development, disease resistance, and subsequent size-selective mortality of Pacific salmon.

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Altered growth and related physiological responses in juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f06-127 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 63 (10) ◽

pp. 2364-2376 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

J P Meador ◽

F C Sommers ◽

G M Ylitalo ◽

C A Sloan

Keyword(s):

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Chinook Salmon ◽

Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽

Whole Body ◽

Control Fish ◽

Small Fish ◽

Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic ◽

Juvenile Chinook

A dietary feeding study with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was conducted with juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to mimic exposure from urban estuaries during their transition from freshwater to seawater. A significant reduction in mean fish dry weight was observed only for the highest doses; however, analysis of variance (ANOVA) using standard deviations and examination of the cumulative frequency plots revealed high variability among all treatments. The skewed fish weight distribution revealed a large number of small fish in several treatments compared with control fish. Analyses of whole-body lipids and several parameters in blood plasma related to growth and metabolism indicated alterations for most treatments. These results and trends in growth, plasma chemistry, and lipids as a consequence of PAH exposure were similar to those in fish exhibiting starvation, which we have termed "toxicant-induced starvation". Based on these results, we conclude that PAHs are toxic to salmonids at this life stage and the reduction in biomass and lipid stores observed here would have the potential to cause increased mortality for individuals during their first winter.

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