MUTAGENICITY OF SOME COMMON PESTICIDES IN BARLEY

1980 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. S. Grover ◽  
P. S. Tyagi
Keyword(s):  
Chromosomal Aberrations ◽  
Pollen Fertility ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Test Material ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Meiotic Analysis ◽  
Barley Grains ◽  
Tip Cells ◽  
Root Tip Cells

The perusual of literature reveals the desirability to screen the mutagenicity of pesticides. The present report deals with the cytological aberrations and chlorophyll mutations induced by Thiodan, Folithion, Lebaycid and Kitazin, employing barley as the test material. The chromosomal aberrations were examined both at mitotic and meiotic level. The root tip cells from pesticide treated barley grains revealed various abnormalities at metaphase including fragmentation, unequal chromosome, chromosomes with displaced satellite and increased number of chromosome. The laggards, bridges, tripolarity, tetrapolarity and micronuclei were seen at later stages. A positive correlation between dose and aberration was noticed. The meiotic analysis of PMC's from plants raised from pesticide treated barley grains, revealed quadrivalents and univalents at metaphase-I. Anaphase-I was atypical in having unequal distribution, laggards, bridges — single or double. The persistent bridges at telophase and micronuclei were not unfrequent. The pollen fertility was reduced. — M2 analysis at the seedling stage revealed albina, xantha and tigrina mutants. The tigrina's were more frequent. Lebaycid was the most effective while Thiodan was the most efficient.

scholarly journals Barriers for Introgression of Solanum ochranthum into Tomato via Somatic Hybrids

2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 587-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Stommel
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Fertility ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Somatic Hybrids ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Meiotic Analysis ◽  
New Genes ◽  
Tip Cells ◽  
Root Tip Cells ◽  
Isolated Species

Solanum ochranthum Dunal is a nontuber bearing wild relative of the cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), and a potential source of new genes for disease and pest resistance. Because S. ochranthum is sexually isolated from tomato, somatic hybrids between tomato (PI 367942; L. esculentum Mill. var. cerasiforme (Dunal) A. Gray VFNT cherry × L. peruvianum (L.) Mill. backcrossed to VFNT cherry) and S. ochranthum (LA2117) were developed previously to overcome these crossing barriers. Attempts to backcross these hybrids to tomato have been unsuccessful. Pollen fertility and mitotic and meiotic studies in tomato + S. ochranthum somatic hybrids determined the cause of the sterility of the somatic hybrids and identified hybrids with moderate fertility. Chromosome counts of dividing root tip cells delineated tetraploid (2n = 4x = 48) and hexaploid (2n = 6x = 72) genotypes and aneuploidy in these hybrids. Meiotic analysis of developing microspores confirmed the presence of precocious division and laggard chromosomes at anaphase in both hexaploid and tetraploid hybrids. Bridges were observed in hexaploids at anaphase I and II and multivalent configurations were observed at diakinesis. Multivalents and univalents were evident in nearly all cells examined, proving that the two genomes are homoeologous. Aberrant microsporocytes with five to six developing microspores were noted in hexaploid hybrids. The occurrence of homoeologous pairing between chromosomes of both fusion parents is advantageous to effect recombination between these isolated species. However, the negative effects of multivalent formation and univalents likely contributed to observed sterility in these first generation fusion hybrids. Low to moderate levels of pollen fertility (0% to 52%) were found in tetraploid hybrids, while little or no viable pollen (0% to 4%) was observed in hexaploid somatic hybrids.

scholarly journals The Effect of Respiratory Inhibitors and Chelating Agents on the Frequencies of Chromosomal Aberrations Produced by X-Rays in Vicia

1959 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Kihlman
Keyword(s):  
Chromosomal Aberrations ◽  
Potassium Cyanide ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Pure Oxygen ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Tip Cells ◽  
Root Tip Cells

Nitrosophenylhydroxylamine-ammonium (cupferron), potassium cyanide, sodium azide, ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), α,α'-dipyridyl, and o-phenanthroline were tested (1) for their ability to enhance the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations produced by x-rays in the root tip cells of the broad bean, Vicia faba, and (2) for their ability to inhibit oxygen consumption of excised roots of the same plant. In all cases a close correlation was found between the inhibitory effect on respiration and the enhancement of the sensitivity to x-rays at low oxygen pressures. EDTA, dipyridyl, and o-phenanthroline did not affect respiration to any greater extent, and they were without influence on the radiosensitivity. Cyanide, azide, and cupferron, which strongly inhibited respiration, also increased the frequencies of chromosome aberrations produced by x-rays at low oxygen pressures. The relation between oxygen concentration and radiosensitivity was determined both in the presence and the absence of the respiratory inhibitor cupferron. When cupferron was present, the radiosensitivity was influenced by oxygen concentrations 30 times lower than those effective in the absence of the inhibitor. In an atmosphere of pure oxygen, an increase of radiosensitivity of about 20 per cent was obtained with cupferron, EDTA, and potassium cyanide.

scholarly journals ANTIMITOTIC AND GENOTOXICITY EFFECTS OF WILD LIBYAN ARTICHOKE CYNARA CORNIGERA LEAVES AQUEOUS EXTRACT

2020 ◽  
pp. 448-454
Author(s):  
Yara El hasham ◽  
Fauzia El garabulli ◽  
Salem El shatshat
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Chromosomal Aberrations ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Root Meristem ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Chromosomal Structure ◽  
Mitotic Abnormalities ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Tip Cells ◽  
Root Tip Cells

Allium cepa root tip cells were used to find out the effect of Cynara cornigera extract on chromosomal structure and behavior during cell division. To measure the mitotic index and chromosome aberration in treated cells. The root meristem cells were treated with different concentrations of Cynara cornigera leaves aqueous extract (0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 mg/ml) for 4, 6 and 12 hours, respectively. The results indicate that aqueous extracts of C. cornigera plant have the ability to decrease the (MI) values with increasing the concentration at (P<0.005). The treatments have caused different kinds of mitotic abnormalities and chromosomal aberrations, such as: Change percentage of mitotic phases, C-metaphase, Stickiness, Disturbed nuclear membrane, Highly condensation of prophase and Accumulation of cell in interphase. KEY WORDS: Bioassay: Cynara cornigera: Leaf extract: Artichoke; Chromosomal aberrations.

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