The heterochromatin distribution and genome evolution in diploid species of Elymus and Agropyron

1984 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 669-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Ryu Endo ◽  
Bikram S. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Diploid Species ◽  
Banding Technique ◽  
Agropyron Elongatum ◽  
Pseudoroegneria Spicata ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Psathyrostachys Juncea ◽  
High Level ◽  
Thinopyrum Elongatum ◽  
Genome Designation

The acetocarmine–Giemsa C-banding technique was used to study heterochromatin distribution in somatic chromosomes of diploid Elymus junceus (= Psathyrostachys juncea) (2n = 14) (genome designation Ju = N) and nine diploid Agropyron species (2n = 14): A. cristatum (C = P), A. imbricatum (C = P), A. elongatum (= Elytrigia elongata = Thinopyrum elongatum) (E = J), A. junceum (= E. bessarabicum = T. bessarabicum) (J = E), A. spicatum (= Pseudoroegneria spicata) (S), A. libanoticum (= P. libanotica) (S), A. ferganense (S), A. stipifolium (= P. stipifolia) (S), and A. velutinum (V). With the exception of A. elongatum and A. velutinum, which were self-fertile, all species were cross-pollinating and self-sterile. The cross-pollinating species showed large terminal C-bands and a high level of C-band polymorphism. Agropyron elongatum, moderately self-fertile, showed small terminal and interstitial bands and a minimal C-band polymorphism. Agropyron velutinum, fully self-fertile, almost totally lacked C-bands. The Ju, C, E, and J genomes appeared to be distinctive and the equivalence of the E and J genomes was not supported from their C-banding patterns. Four species sharing the S genome, A. spicatum, A. libanoticum, A. ferganense, and A. stipifolium had C-band patterns similar to one another, although C-bands were less prominent in A. stipifolium than others.Key words: C-banding, karyotype, wheatgrass, cytology.

Cytological identification of some trisomics of Russian wildrye (Psathyrostachys juncea)

Genome ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1271-1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Zhi Wei ◽  
W. F. Campbell ◽  
G. J. Scoles ◽  
A. E. Slinkard ◽  
R. Ruey-Chyi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Cereal Crop ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Psathyrostachys Juncea ◽  
Double Deletion ◽  
Russian Wildrye

Russian wildrye, Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski (2n = 2x = 14; NsNs), is an important forage grass and a potential source of germplasm for cereal crop improvement. Because of genetic heterogeneity as a result of its self-incompatibility, it is difficult to identify trisomics of this diploid species based on morphological characters alone. Putative trisomies (2n = 2x + 1 = 15), derived from open pollination of a triploid plant by pollen grains of diploid plants, were characterized by Giemsa C-banding. Based on both karyotypic criteria and C-banding patterns, four of the seven possible primary trisomics, a double-deletion trisomic, and two tertiary trisomics were identified.Key words: Russian wildrye, Psathyrostachys juncea, trisomic, C-banding, karyotype.

Intravarietal variation in satellites and C-banded chromosomes of Agropyron intermedium ssp. trichophorum cv. Greenleaf

Genome ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Xu ◽  
R. L. Conner
Keyword(s):  
Relative Length ◽  
Agropyron Elongatum ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Homologous Chromosomes ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Agropyron Intermedium ◽  
Band Size ◽  
Biological Characters ◽  
Chromosomal Manipulation ◽  
Chromosome Modifications

A high amount of intravarietal variation in satellites and C-banded chromosomes was observed in the hexaploid wheatgrass synthetic cultivar 'Greenleaf' (Agropyron intermedium ssp. trichophorum (Link) A. &Gr., 2n = 6x = 42, genome E1E1E2E2SS). The cultivar is an open-pollinated perennial that shows extensive interplant polymorphism for many biological characters. Maximum number of satellites detected varied among plants from zero to six. In 61% of the plants, we observed two large satellites in association with zero, one, or two small ones. Chromosome constitution differed significantly among plants as revealed by analysis of variance based on the total number of banded chromosomes and the number of banded chromosomes with telomeric bands at either one or both ends. Heteromorphism in C-banding patterns between homologues was found in most of the chromosomes and was classified into four types: (i) difference in band size, (ii) difference in presence/absence of one or two bands, (iii) completely different banding patterns, and (iv) banded versus unbanded. Homologous chromosomes having types iii and iv heteromorphism could only be matched by their relative length and arm ratio instead of C-banding patterns. Deletions were detected in two chromosomes. Overall, C-banded chromosomes of this cultivar were characterized by the presence of large telomeric bands and were quite different from the previously reported karyotypes of the supposed diploid ancestor Agropyron elongatum (Host) P. Beauv. (genome EE) and an Ag. intermedium (Host) P. Beauv. accession (E1E1E2E2SS) The results suggest that dramatic chromosome modifications have occurred in this species during the course of evolution. The study sheds light on the extent of intrapopulation polymorphism present in the karyotypes of outcrossing polyploids and synthetic cultivars and has implications regarding strategies for chromosomal manipulation involving open-pollinated species.Key words: Agropyron intermedium ssp. trichophorum, intravarietal variation, satellites, C-banded karyotype.

Standard Giemsa C-banded karyotype of Russian wildrye (Psathyrostachys juncea) and its use in identification of a deletion–translocation heterozygote

Genome ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1262-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Zhi Wei ◽  
William F. Campbell ◽  
Richard R.-C. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
B Chromosome ◽  
Distal Segment ◽  
Banding Technique ◽  
Translocation Heterozygote ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Psathyrostachys Juncea ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Russian Wildrye

Ten accessions of Russian wildrye, Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski (2n = 2x = 14; NsNs), collected from different geographical regions were analyzed using the C-banding technique. C-banding pattern polymorphisms were observed at all levels, i.e., within homologous chromosome pairs of the same plant, among different individuals within accessions, between different accessions of the same geographic area, and among accessions of different origins. The seven homologous groups varied in the level of C-banding pattern polymorphism; chromosomes A, B, E, and F were more variable than chromosomes C, D, and G. The polymorphisms did not hamper chromosome identification in Ps. juncea, because each chromosome pair of the Ns genome had a different basic C-banding pattern and karyotypic character. A standard C-banded karyotype of Ps. juncea is proposed based on the overall karyotypes and C-bands in the 10 accessions. The C-bands on the Ns-genome chromosomes were designated according to the rules of nomenclature used in wheat. A deletion–translocation heterozygote of Russian wildrye was identified based on the karyotype and C-banding patterns established. The chromosome F pair consisted of a chromosome having the distal segment in the long arm deleted and a translocated chromosome having the distal segment of long arm replaced by the distal segment of the long arm of chromosome E. The chromosome E pair had a normal chromosome E and a translocated chromosome having the short arm and the proximal segment of the long arm of chromosome E and the distal segment of the long arm of chromosome F.Key words: Psathyrostachys juncea, karyotype, Giemsa C-banding, polymorphism, B chromosome.

Differential transferability of EST-SSR primers developed from the diploid species Pseudoroegneria spicata, Thinopyrum bessarabicum, and Thinopyrum elongatum

Genome ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 530-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R.-C. Wang ◽  
Steve R. Larson ◽  
Kevin B. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Expressed Sequence Tag ◽  
Genome Mapping ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Genetic Maps ◽  
Pseudoroegneria Spicata ◽  
Ssr Primers ◽  
Polymorphic Species ◽  
Thinopyrum Bessarabicum ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Thinopyrum Elongatum

Simple sequence repeat technology based on expressed sequence tag (EST-SSR) is a useful genomic tool for genome mapping, characterizing plant species relationships, elucidating genome evolution, and tracing genes on alien chromosome segments. EST-SSR primers developed from three perennial diploid species of Triticeae, Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) Á. Löve (having St genome), Thinopyrum bessarabicum (Savul. & Rayss) Á. Löve (Jb = Eb = J), and Thinopyrum elongatum (Host) D.R. Dewey (Je = Ee = E), were used to produce amplicons in these three species to (i) assess relative transferability, (ii) identify polymorphic species-specific markers, and (iii) determine genome relationships among the three species. Because of the close relationship between Jb and Je genomes, EST-SSR primers derived from Th. bessarabicum and Th. elongatum had greater transferability to each other than those derived from the St-genome P. spicata. A large number of polymorphic species- and genome-specific EST-SSR amplicons were identified that will be used for construction of genetic maps of these diploid species, and tracing economically useful genes in breeding or gene transfer programs in various species of Triticeae.

Giemsa C-banded karyotypes of Avena species

Genome ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 627-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fominaya ◽  
C. Vega ◽  
E. Ferrer
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Chromatin Condensation ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Divergent Evolution ◽  
Intercalary Heterochromatin ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Genome Species ◽  
C Banding ◽  
A Genome ◽  
C Genome

Giemsa C-banding was used to identify individual somatic chromosomes in eight diploid species of Avena. Two patterns of heterochromatin distribution were found. The chromosomes of five A genome species (A. strigosa, A. hirtula, A. longiglumis, A. damascena, and A. canariensis) possessed mainly telomeric bands, whereas those from three C genome species (A. clauda, A. pilosa, and A. ventricosa) were characterized by higher chromatin condensation and several intercalary heterochromatin bands. The divergent evolution between the two groups is confirmed after C-banding. The unique C-banding patterns of several chromosomes in each species will be a useful tool for the study of meiotic behaviour in interspecific hybrids among Avena spp.Key words: C-banding, Avena, heterochromatin.

Genomic affinities of individual chromosomes based on C- and N-banding analyses of tetraploid Elymus species and their diploid progenitor species

Genome ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. D. Morris ◽  
B. S. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Diploid Progenitor ◽  
Pseudoroegneria Spicata ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Elymus Trachycaulus ◽  
C And N ◽  
Elymus Species ◽  
Agropyron Trachycaulum ◽  
Triticeae Genome ◽  
Donor Species ◽  
Genome Designation

Giemsa C- and N-banding techniques were used to identify individual somatic chromosomes in the tetraploid (2n = 28) species Elymus trachycaulus (= Agropyron trachycaulum) (genome designation SH) and E. ciliaris (= A. ciliare) (SY) and five diploid progenitor species (2n = 14), Pseudoroegneria spicata (= A. spicatum) (S), P. libanotica (= A. libanoticum) (S), P. stipifolia (= A. stipifolium) (S), Critesion bogdanii (= Hordeum bogdanii) (H), and C. californicum (= H. californicum) (H). Comparisons based on banding patterns of E. trachycaulus and E. ciliaris with parental donor species P. spicata indicated a common S genome origin. The heterochromatin composition of several E. trachycaulus chromosomes were similar to chromosomes of both Critesion species. However, the possible origin of characteristic C- and N-banded chromosomes of E. ciliaris remained undetermined. These patterns of evolution among genomes of E. trachycaulus, E. ciliaris, and their progenitor species proved valuable for the allocation of individual chromosomes into specific genomes. This approach may be useful for the genomic allocation of wheat-Elymus addition lines. Key words: C-banding, N-banding, Elymus, Triticeae, genome.

Chromosome C-banding of Zea mays and its closest relatives

1983 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ineke Mastenbroek ◽  
J. M. J. de. Wet
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Banding Technique ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Complete Sets

An established C-banding technique was modified to consistently yield complete sets of distinct, sharply banded chromosomes in Zea. It was used to demonstrate similarities and differences among heterochromatin patterns of different Zea taxa. The C-banding patterns showed a general agreement with heterochromatic knob positions known from pachytene studies. Two groups of banding patterns could be distinguished. Those taxa with bands that were almost exclusively terminally positioned included Z. mays ssp. parviglumis var. huehuetenangensis, Z. diploperennis, Z. perennis, and Z. luxurians. In the last mentioned, previously unknown heterochromatic regions were found. Both terminal and subterminal band positions were found in Z. mays, Z. mays ssp. mexicana, and Z. mays ssp. parviglumis var. parviglumis. On the basis of these results, and those of other workers, the taxonomic treatments of Z. mays ssp. parviglumis var. huehuetenangensis, and of Z. diploperennis and its autotetraploid derivative Z. perennis are questioned.

Analysis of karyotypes and Giemsa C-banding patterns in eight species of Arachis

Genome ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Cai ◽  
S. Lu ◽  
C. C. Chinnappa
Keyword(s):  
Close Relationships ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Chromosome Morphology ◽  
Tetraploid Species ◽  
Interspecific Relationship ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
C Banding ◽  
B Genome ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Structural Differences

The karyotypes and Giemsa C-banding patterns of the chromosomes in eight species of Arachis L. have been studied. Six species are diploid with 20 chromosomes and two are tetraploid with 40 chromosomes. One diploid species (A. rigonii Krap. et Greg.) belongs to the sect. Erectoides and the rest belong to the sect. Arachis. Among the diploid species from the sect. Arachis, A. batizocoi Krap. et Greg, has a unique karyotype while others have similar karyotypes. Two tetraploid species, A. monticola Krap. et Greg, and A. hypogaea L., possess the most similar karyotypes. However, the diploid species, A. rigonii, from sect. Erectoides, has a karyotype distinguishable from those in sect. Arachis. The C-banding patterns of the chromosomes have been obtained for all the species. The centromeric bands have been found in all the chromosomes and the intercalary bands can be identified in a varied number of chromosomes among these complements. However, the telomeric bands only exist in one or two chromosomes. The comparison of banding patterns demonstrated that structural differences exist among the chromosomal complements of the species with similar chromosome morphology. The karyotype variation among the different species and interspecific relationship are discussed. It is suggested that all the diploid species with the A genome are closely related. There are close relationships between the tetraploid species and diploid species with the A or B genome within sect. Arachis. Key words: Arachis, cytology, karyotypes, Giemsa C-banding.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Relationships of Tetraploid AB-Genome Avena Species Evaluated by Means of Cytogenetic (C-Banding and FISH) and RAPD Analyses

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Badaeva ◽  
O. Yu. Shelukhina ◽  
S. V. Goryunova ◽  
I. G. Loskutov ◽  
V. A. Pukhalskiy
Keyword(s):  
Diploid Species ◽  
5S Rdna ◽  
Banding Technique ◽  
Diploid Progenitor ◽  
Genome Species ◽  
C Banding ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Genome Group

Tetraploid oat species Avena abyssinica, A. vaviloviana, A. barbata, and A. agadiriana were studied using C-banding technique, in situ hybridization with the 45S and 5S rDNA probes, and RAPD analysis in comparison with the diploid species carrying different types of the A-genome (A. wiestii, As; A. longiglumis, Al; A. canariensis, Ac; A. damascena, Ad, A. prostrata, Ap). The investigation confirmed that all four tetraploids belong to the same AB-genome group; however A. agadiriana occupies distinct position among others. The C-banding, FISH, and RAPD analyses showed that Avena abyssinica, A. vaviloviana, and A. barbata are very similar; most probably they originated from a common tetraploid ancestor as a result of minor translocations and alterations of C-banding polymorphism system. AB-genome species are closely related with the A-genome diploids, and an As-genome species may be regarded as the most probable donor of their A-genome. Although their second diploid progenitor has not been identified, it seems unlikely that it belongs to the As-genome group. The exact diploid progenitors of A. agadiriana have not been determined; however our results suggest that at least one of them could be related to A. damascena.

C-banding and nucleolar activity of tetraploid Avena species

Genome ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 633-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fominaya ◽  
C. Vega ◽  
E. Ferrer
Keyword(s):  
Diploid Species ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer Regions ◽  
Good Correspondence ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Genome Species ◽  
Nucleolar Activity ◽  
C Banding ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer Activity

The Giemsa C-banding pattern of the chromosomes of five tetraploid species of Avena have been studied. The chromosomes of AABB species (A. barbata, A. vaviloviana, and A. abyssinica) had similar C-banding patterns to those of A genome species. AACC species (A. maroccana and A. murphyi) possessed two sets of seven chromosome pairs with C-banding patterns similar to those observed in the diploid A and C genome species. However, no good correspondence between either of these two chromosome groups and any one diploid species has been found. When the nucleolar organizer activity of the species was analysed by silver staining, fewer nucleoli and nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) were observed than expected, assuming complete additivity of those from the donor diploid species.Key words: C-banding, NOR, Avena, heterochromatin.

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