polymorphic species
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PhytoKeys ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 49-71
Author(s):  
Shun K. Hirota ◽  
Tetsukazu Yahara ◽  
Kengo Fuse ◽  
Hiroyuki Sato ◽  
Shuichiro Tagane ◽  
...  

According to the contemporary classification of Hydrangea native to Japan, H. serrata is a polymorphic species including six varieties. We discovered a plant identified as H. serrata, but morphologically distinct from previously known varieties, in Yakushima island where approximately 50 endemic species are known. To determine the relationship of this plant with previously known varieties, we examined morphology and constructed a highly resolved phylogeny of H. serrata and its relatives using three chloroplast genomic regions, rbcL, trnL intron, psbA-trnH, and two nuclear genomic regions, ITS1 and ITS2, and Multiplex ISSR genotyping by sequencing (MIG-seq). Based on these morphological and phylogenetic observations, we describe Hydrangea acuminata subsp. yakushimensissubsp. nov. as a newly discovered lineage in Yakushima, Japan and propose Hydrangea minamitaniistat. nov. and Hydrangea acuminata subsp. australisstat. nov. which were previously treated as varieties of H. serrata.


Birds ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-414
Author(s):  
Claudia Mettke-Hofmann

Animals invest in costly vigilance to detect threats. Joining groups reduces these costs, which can be further reduced in mixed-species assemblages. In colour-polymorphic species, morphs often experience different predation pressure and vary in a variety of traits. However, little is known about differences in vigilance or how group composition affects vigilance. The aim was to investigate whether higher conspicuousness increased vigilance and whether vigilance was reduced in mixed-morph groups like in mixed-species assemblages. I tested vigilance in the colour-polymorphic Gouldian Finch (Chloebia gouldiae). Same sex pairs of different age and of either pure (red-red or black-black) or mixed head colour were exposed to three contexts (familiar, changed and novel environment) and head movements were recorded. All birds reduced the frequency of head movements with increasing novelty, indicating different vigilance strategies (switching from a searching to a tracking strategy) depending on the situation. While vigilance did not differ between morphs, morph composition mattered. Black-headed pairs made fewer head movements than mixed-head colour pairs. Results indicated that conspicuousness did not affect vigilance, possibly due to existing adaptations to reduce predation risk. However, whenever red-headed birds were involved, vigilance increased either because of higher group conspicuousness or prevalence of aggression.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Stolyarova ◽  
T. V. Neretina ◽  
E. A. Zvyagina ◽  
A. V. Fedotova ◽  
A. S. Kondrashov ◽  
...  

AbstractIt is natural to assume that patterns of genetic variation in hyperpolymorphic species can reveal large-scale properties of the fitness landscape that are hard to detect by studying species with ordinary levels of genetic variation1,2. Here, we study such patterns in a fungus Schizophyllum commune, the most polymorphic species known3. Throughout the genome, short-range linkage disequilibrium caused by attraction of rare alleles is higher between pairs of nonsynonymous than of synonymous sites. This effect is especially pronounced for pairs of sites that are located within the same gene, especially if a large fraction of the gene is covered by haploblocks, genome segments where the gene pool consists of two highly divergent haplotypes, which is a signature of balancing selection. Haploblocks are usually shorter than 1000 nucleotides, and collectively cover about 10% of the S. commune genome. LD tends to be substantially higher for pairs of nonsynonymous sites encoding amino acids that interact within the protein. There is a substantial correlation between LDs at the same pairs of nonsynonymous sites in the USA and the Russian populations. These patterns indicate that selection in S. commune involves positive epistasis due to compensatory interactions between nonsynonymous alleles. When less polymorphic species are studied, analogous patterns can be detected only through interspecific comparisons.


Crustaceana ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 94 (8) ◽  
pp. 951-972
Author(s):  
Tomislav Karanovic

Abstract The genus Itunella Brady, 1896 has a troubled taxonomic past, partly because of paucity of its members, but mostly because of inadequate research. A lack of detail in species descriptions and redescriptions, absence of alternative methods for testing species hypotheses, combined with a notion that most marine and estuarine animals have wide distributions and enormous intraspecific variability, all resulted in blurring of some interspecific boundaries, synonymizing without examination of the type material, and founding species diagnoses on dubious characters. Itunella yeondeokensis sp. nov. is described here in great detail from a small sandy beach on the east coast of Korea. It differs from all reported and illustrated congeners by an extremely long inner apical seta on the third exopodal segment of second to fourth swimming legs. This is the second member of this genus from Korea, the first one being described from three estuaries also on the east coast. All other congeners are European species. An overview of all published species and records of this genus is provided, as well as a dichotomous key to valid species to aid in their identification. Itunella kieferi sp. nov. is a new name for a single female from Germany, previously reported as a member of a widely distributed and polymorphic species.


REINWARDTIA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Mega Atria ◽  
Peter C Van Welzen

ATRIA, M. & VAN WELZEN, P. C. 2021. The Calamus javensis (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) complex in historical biogeographic context.  Reinwardtia  20(1): 1−7. — Calamus javensis  is a very polymorphic species with a number of recognisable forms (of which several were once even recognized at species level). A historical biogeographic analysis showed no historical distribution pattern in the diversification of these various forms. The forms are very likely the result  of  adaptation  to  local  circumstances,  whereby more or less identical  forms  can  develop  under similar niche circumstances  in  disjunct areas,  exceptions  are  the  ‘acuminatus-polyphyllus’ form and C.  tenompokensis  that are recognisable and present in a non-disjunct area.


Genome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A.A. Minow ◽  
Luis M. Ávila ◽  
Lewis N Lukens ◽  
Vincenzo Rossi ◽  
Joseph Colasanti

Near isogenic lines (NILs) are a classical genetic tool used to dissect the actions of an allele when placed in a uniform genetic background. Although the goal of NIL creation is to examine the effects of a single allele in isolation, DNA linked to the allele is invariably retained and can confound any allele specific effects. In addition to genetic variation, highly polymorphic species like <i>Zea mays</i> will contain introgressed polymorphisms encompassing transposable elements (TEs) and the cis acting small RNA (sRNA) that represses them. Through transcriptomics, we described the sRNA and TE transcriptional expression differences between a W22-derived introgression and its homologous B73 region. As anticipated, many sRNA expression differences were found. Unexpectedly, however, 24nt sRNA expression over the introgressed region was low overall compared to both the homologous B73 region and the rest of the genome. Across the introgression, low sRNA expression was accompanied by increased TE transcription. Possible explanations for the observed trends in sRNA and TE expression across the introgression are discussed. These findings support the notion that any introgressed allele is in an epigenetic environment distinct from that found at the allele from the recurrent parent. Additionally, these results suggest that further study of sRNA expression levels during the introgression process is warranted.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dena Grossenbacher ◽  
Leah Makler ◽  
Matthew McCarthy ◽  
Naomi Fraga

Anthocyanin pigments are responsible for many of the vivid pink, purple, red, and blue flower colors across angiosperms and frequently vary within and between closely related species. While anthocyanins are well known to influence pollinator attraction, they are also associated with tolerance to abiotic stressors such as extreme temperatures, reduced precipitation, and ultraviolet radiation. Using a comparative approach, we tested whether abiotic variables predict floral anthocyanin in monkeyflowers (Phrymaceae) across western North America. Within two polymorphic species, we found that abiotic variables predicted flower color across their geographic ranges. In Erythranthe discolor, the frequency of pink flowered (anthocyanin producing) individuals was greater in populations with reduced precipitation. In Diplacus mephiticus, the frequency of pink flowered individuals was greater at higher elevations that had reduced precipitation and lower temperatures but less ultraviolet radiation. At the macroevolutionary scale, across two parallel radiations of North American monkeyflowers, species with floral anthocyanins (pink, purple, or red corollas) occupied areas with reduced precipitation in Erythranthe but not Diplacus. However, after accounting for phylogenetic relatedness, we found no evidence for the joint evolution of flower color and environmental affinity in either clade. We conclude that although abiotic stressors may play a role in the evolution of flower color within polymorphic species, we found no evidence that these processes lead to macroevolutionary patterns across monkeyflowers.


Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4938 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-474
Author(s):  
JING SUN ◽  
JI-BAO JIANG ◽  
JUZHEN WU ◽  
ZHU YUAN ◽  
JIANG-PING QIU

Three new earthworm species are described from South China, namely Amynthas rusticanus sp. nov., Amynthas scaberulus sp. nov., and Amynthas yuanjiangensis sp. nov. They are widely distributed in South China, and be polymorphic in reproductive organs. Of three new species, A. rusticanus sp. nov. is a small species with three pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6–7/8 or two pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6–6/7; it has developed prostate glands in XVI–XX. A. scaberulus sp. nov. is a medium-sized species with two pairs of spermathecal pores in 7/8–8/9; the lower edge of each spermathecal pore forms a tiny papilla, and the prostate glands are either degenerated or developed. A. yuanjiangensis sp. nov. is a medium-sized species with four pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6–8/9 and has degenerated or developed prostate glands. Barcode data for each species (partial sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) are provided as well. 


Behaviour ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Jenell A. Glover ◽  
Matthew S. Lattanzio

Abstract Despite recognition that colour can vary continuously, colour expression in colour polymorphic species is usually treated as discrete. We conducted three experiments to evaluate the extent that discrete and continuous male coloration influenced female mating preferences in long-tailed brush lizards (Urosaurus graciosus). Each experiment provided females with a different social context: a dimorphic choice between a yellow and an orange male (coloration treated as discrete), and a choice between either two orange males or two yellow males (coloration treated as continuous variation). Females preferred orange males over yellow males in the first experiment, and the findings of our second experiment suggested that males with moderate orange coloration were most preferred. In contrast, females behaved randomly with respect to two yellow males. Our findings show that females in colour polymorphic species can evaluate both discrete and continuous aspects of morph coloration during mate assessment, which may help maintain their polymorphism.


2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-378
Author(s):  
Azadeh Nadim ◽  
Mohammad Khanjani ◽  
Asadollah Hosseini Chegeni ◽  
Zakkyeh Telmadarraiy

Dermacentor marginatus is a known vector of Rickettsia slovaca and Anaplasma ovis distributed across Eurasia. A total of 300 D. marginatus adult male ticks were collected, removed from sheep in East Azerbaijan province, northwestern Iran. The DNA of Rickettsia and Anaplasma were found in 10 (two pools) ticks by PCR amplifying parts of ompA and msp4 genes, respectively. Our study describes the first PCR detection of tick-borne pathogens, R. slovaca and A. ovis, show that they are spread in D. marginatus of Iran highlight their risk for human and animal hosts. Different patterns (ornamentation) were observed. The identity of different patterns in this study was evaluated with cytb, 16S rRNA and ITS2 genes. BLAST analysis of the cytb, 16S rRNA, ITS2 nucleotide sequence was showed 99%, 98%–100% and 98% sequence identity to sequences of D. marginatus, respectively. It was found that all different patterns of this study are in fact a polymorphic species, D. marginatus. These data increase our knowledge of tick and tick-borne microbial agents in Iran.


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